• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.89-94
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• 2011

In this research, among thermoplasticity plastic raw material that recycling is possible polyolefine(TPO) and polyvinyl chloride(PVC) as target recycling plan examine wish to. It is polyolefine(TPO) and polyvinyl chloride(PVC)) is mediocrity material that there are a lot of amount useds among plastic material and it is material that recycling is also activated most. Long term made first new regulation raw material, by-product raw material happened at process of production at second factory and third time to examine recycling plan of this material divides this as raw material that pass through process separation and pelet Tuesday and analyzed each special quality removing each removed waste after is used. Measure tension strength and ext. heightening gradually mixing proportion of refreshing resources on standard Sample manufactured as new raw material and application examined possibility availability to single fly system.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.182-187
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• 2009

The molten salt electrolysis is applied to reduce titanium dioxide to titanium metal using calcium chloride as an electrolyte and the reaction mechanism of the reduction process is examined by analyzing the reaction products. The process conditions to obtain titanium metal for $900^{\circ}C$ correspond to 2.9~3.2 V and 24 hours. The reaction products for 2.9 V at $900^{\circ}C$ include irregular-shaped titanium oxides such as $Ti_4O_7$, $Ti_3O_5$ and $Ti_2O_3$ and polyhedral $CaTiO_3$. Using these microstructure analysis, the sequential reaction mechanism for the electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium is proposed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.256-263
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• 2010

The study was performed to evaluate the effects of chloride concentrations on the ultimate aerobic biodegradability and to use the result as the fundamental data for sea food wastewater treatment. When the organic removal efficiency by chloride concentrations (1,400~18,000 mg/L) was evaluated, microbes adapted to the saline at ${\leq}$ 6,000 mg/L of chloride but treatment efficiency was not improved at ${\geq}$ 12,000 mg/L of chloride because of delayed reaction time. Functional coefficient $Y_I$ of non-biodegradable soluble organic and inert material production coefficient Yp by microbe metabolism increased as chloride concentrations increased. Soluble organic matter ratio by chloride concentration (0~18,000 mg/L) was 10.8~13.1%, inert material production efficiency by microbes metabolism was evaluated as 7.0~24.6%. $NH_3$-N removal efficiencies were 96.2, 96.5, 90.2 and 90.3% using original wastewater HRT 18 hr, 6,000 mg/L chloride concentration HRT 22 hr, 12,000 mg/L chloride concentration HRT 30 hr, and 18,000 mg/L chloride concentration HRT 45 hr, respectively. Nitrification process was more sensitive to salt concentration than organic matter removal to salt concentration. Under ${\geq}$ 6,000 mg/L chloride concentration, conversion rate from $NO_s$-N to $NO_2$-N was low.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2012

Electrochemical regeneration of the iron chloride waste solution from PCB etching reduces environmental contamination and produces copper as by-product, so the economic feasibility is high. But iron chloride waste solution contains iron and copper and the reactions occurring in the electrolytic cell are complicated. In this work, the oxidation of iron chloride and copper deposition were examined through batch electrolysis and the optimum conditions of the process parameters were found. The oxidation of ferrous chloride was achieved easily to the desired level. The copper deposition efficiency was high in the reaction using the carbon cathode when the copper density was 12 g/L with the electric current density of $350mA/cm^2$, and the ratio of the $Fe^{2+}$ ion was high. In addition, the possibility of the scale-up was confirmed in continuous operation of bench reactor using the optimum conditions obtained.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2008

The effect of methylene chloride/1,3-dioxolane co-solvent on the crystallization in the optical polycarbonate film was investigated. Increasing 1,3-dioxolane content in co-solvent resulted in the crystallization due to the lowering of solvent evaporation rate during film drying process. The crystallization in PC film could be minimized by either controlling of solvent composition and increasing solvent drying temperature. It was found that the surface roughness of solution casting PC film was affected by both crystallization and solvent evaporation rate. This morphological effect by alternative solvent is ascribed to a large decrease in light transmissivity on the optical PC film.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.266-276
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• 2006

Commonly, the flocculant is dissolved in process or recycle water in industrial plant which has many ionic materials. Therefore, the polymer degradation in aqueous solution by chemical, mechanical or bacteriological may occur, sometimes rapidly. Even if the same flocculant is dissolved, the flocculation characteristics and the properties of dissolving polymer varied with the kind of dissolving water. In this study, we try to estimate the interaction between flocculants and ionic materials in dissolving water using self inversing emulsion polymer; polyacrylamide-co-trimethyl ammonium ethyl acrylate chloride flocculants which have varying molecular weights and structures at a several conditions. The polymeric flocculant is dissolved in artificial dissolving water with Potassium Chloride (PC), Calcium Chloride anhydrous (CC), Potassium Hydroxide (PH), Sodium Chloride (SC), Sodium Bromate (SB) and Iron (II) Sulfate Heptahydrate (IS) as ionic sources. Experimental results indicate that the cationic and anionic ions in dissolving water induce the hydrolysis, degradation of cationic functional group and uncoiling of polymeric flocculants, therefore, the flocculation efficiency decreased by undesired polymer. According that result, it is important to estimate not only its structures and physical properties but also the qualities of dissolving water to optimize the efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.4-14
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• 1987

The nickel-zinc alloy depositions have been studied in nickel chloride added chloride baths, to find out the effects of ultrasonic irradiation for the electrodeposition processes. The compositions of deposited alloys, the current efficiencies and the metallographic appearances in various conditions of Electrodeposition were investigated, in the range of ultrasonic irradiation of 50,500 and 1,000 Kc/s respectively. The results obtained are as follows; 1. Generally the nickel deposition process is more preferably activated than that of zinc by the ultrasonic irradiation. 2. The radios of nickel to zinc in the deposit are higher according to increase of nickel ion concentration and bath temperatures in irradiated baths. 3. The current efficiencies are also higher in the irradiated baths, so that the depolarization effect is noticeable. 4. The brightness and leveling effect of the deposits are appreciably better in the irradiated baths than in non-irradiated in 0.3M and 0.6M of nickel chloride and zinc chloride solutions and the current density of 3A/$dm^2$. 5. The mechanism of alloy deposition has been tentatively suggested in the case of ultrasonic irradiation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 2014

Sisal fiber, an agricultural resource abundantly available in china, has been used as raw material to prepare activated carbon with high surface area and huge pore volume by chemical activation with zinc chloride. The orthogonal test was designed to investigate the influence of zinc chloride concentration, impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time on preparation of activated carbon. Scanning electron micrograph, Thermo-gravimetric, $N_2$-adsorption isotherm, mathematical models such as t-plot, H-K equation, D-R equation and BJH methods were used to characterize the properties of the prepared carbons and the activation mechanism was discussed. The results showed that $ZnCl_2$ changed the pyrolysis process of sisal fiber. Characteristics of activated carbon are: BET surface area was $1628m^2/g$, total pore volume was $1.316m^3/g$ and ratio of mesopore volume to total pore volume up to 94.3%. These results suggest that sisal fiber is an attractive source to prepare mesoporous high-capacity activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2012

This study investigated the extraction and stripping performance of PIMs consisting of PVC and Aliquat 336. Extraction and stripping of three representative heavy metals - namely $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$ - by the synthesized membranes were evaluated as a function of sodium chloride concentration and under different stripping solutions (0.01 M $HNO_3$, Milli-Q water, 0.01 M HCl and 0.01 M NaOH), respectively. Results reported here indicate that the formation of negatively charged metal chloride complex species was responsible for the extraction of the target metal to PIMs. Experimental results and thermodynamic modeling of the speciation of chloro metal complexes further confirm that the extraction selectivity between $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ can be controlled by regulating the chloride concentration of the feed solution. An acidic solution without any chloride was the most effective stripping solution, followed by Milli-Q water, and a diluted hydrochloric acid solution. On the other hand, the stripping of metals from PIMs did not occur when a basic stripping solution was used.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-207
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• 2014

This paper mainly discusses the influence of the aggregate properties including grading, shape, content and distribution on the chloride diffusion coefficient, as well as the initiation time of steel corrosion from a probabilistic point of view. Towards this goal, a simulation method of random aggregate structure (RAS) based on elliptical particles and a procedure of finite element analysis (FEA) at meso-scale are firstly developed to perform the analysis. Next, the chloride diffusion coefficient ratio between concrete and cement paste $D_{app}/D_{cp}$ is chosen as the index to represent the effect of aggregates on the chloride diffusion process. Identification of the random distribution of this index demonstrates that it can be viewed as actually having a normal distribution. After that, the effect of aggregates on $D_{app}/D_{cp}$ is comprehensively studied, showing that the appropriate properties of aggregates should be decided by both of the average and the deviation of $D_{app}/D_{cp}$. Finally, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the application of this mesoscopic method in predicting the initiation time of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The mesoscopic probabilistic method developed in this paper can not only provide more reliable evidences on the proper grading and shape of aggregates, but also play an important role in the probability-based design method.