• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.433-444
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• 2016

When we observe binary responses in a cluster (such as rat lab-subjects), they are usually correlated to each other. In clustered binomial counts, the independence assumption is violated and we encounter an extra-variation. In the presence of extra-variation, the ordinary statistical analyses of binomial data are inappropriate to apply. In testing the homogeneity of proportions between several treatment groups, the classical Pearson chi-squared test has a severe flaw in the control of Type I error rates. We focus on modifying the chi-squared statistic by incorporating variance inflation factors. We suggest a method to adjust data in terms of dispersion estimate based on a quasi-likelihood model. We explain the testing procedure via an illustrative example as well as compare the performance of a modified chi-squared test with competitive statistics through a Monte Carlo study.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.25-38
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate how parents saw the relationship between early years educational institutions and parents, and how these perceptions were influenced by parental background factors. A total of 334 parents who sent their child to a kindergarten participated in this study. The collected data were analyzed by Chisquared test, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows. First, parents had a high level of interest in their child's education, but little actual knowledge about the contents and strategies of education in the kindergarten setting. Second, regarding parental participation in early childhood education institutions, necessity for parents's involvement in the institutions was relatively higher than the average. Third, when considering the relationship between staff in early childhood education institutions, i.e. kindergartens, and parents both teachers and parents hoped to form a relationship in which they could freely exchange their opinions.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2024

In recent years, there are extensive researches on the applications of machine learning to the automation and decision support for medical experts during disease detection. However, the performance of machine learning still needs improvement so that machine learning model produces result that is more accurate and reliable for disease detection. Selecting the hyper-parameter that could produce the possible maximum classification accuracy on medical dataset is the most challenging task in developing decision support systems with machine learning algorithms for medical dataset classification. Moreover, selecting the features that best characterizes a disease is another challenge in developing machine-learning model with better classification accuracy. In this study, we have proposed an optimized decision tree model for heart disease classification by using heart disease dataset collected from kaggle data repository. The proposed model is evaluated and experimental test reveals that the performance of decision tree improves when an optimal number of features are used for training. Overall, the accuracy of the proposed decision tree model is 98.2% for heart disease classification.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4521-4524
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• 2012

Object: In the present study, we compared the positive cytodiagnostic test rates with discrepancies using self-collection devices for cervical cancer screening. We made this survey to examine whether or not our self-smear preparation method using the Kato self-collection device contributed to an improved rate of detecting atypical cells compared with existing recommended preparation methods. Methods: Specimens were collected at 14 facilities handling self-collection methods, and samples were collected by a physician in 2 facilities. The chisquared test was performed using the SPSS ver. 20 statistical software to determine the relationships between the positive cytodiagnostic rate, specimen preparation methods, and self-collection devices. Results: Collecting cells using the Kato self-collection device and preparing liquid-based specimens, we obtained a significantly higher rate of positive cytodiagnosis and our results were equal to those obtained with the direct method. Conclusions: Taking into consideration increased needs for screening using the self-collection method in future, with even more improved test accuracy, a screening test that is acceptable to society needs to be established.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 2020

Purpose: Temporomadibular disorders (TMDs) can result in chronic pain, which is often associated with psychological and sleep disturbance. Increased levels of psychological and sleep impairments are often related with poor treatment outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate clinical features, psychological profiles and the prevalence of clinical insomnia in TMD patients with chronic pain and to suggest an effective treatment approach. Methods: A total of 200 TMD patients who had visited the Pusan National University Hospital dental clinic for treatment of their pain were recruited from June 2018 through December 2019. TMD patients were classified into an acute (n=100) and chronic (n=100) group and compared the clinical symptoms. The primary diagnosis of TMD were categorized as TMD with joint pain group (TMD_J), TMD with muscle pain group (TMD_M) and TMD with joint-muscle mixed pain group (TMD_JM). Self- report measures of sleep quality and psychological profiles were evaluated via the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Korean Stress Response Inventory (SRI). Independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and chisquared test were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Chronic TMD patients showed higher pain intensity, as well as higher prevalence of related symptoms (headache, musculoskeletal pain) and myogenous pain. They also had significantly higher scores in all SRI parameters and a higher percentage of clinical insomnia than acute TMD patients. Conclusions: Based on the above results, psychological profiles and sleep quality assessments are necessary to provide essential data that will allow for improved treatment of chronic TMD patients.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the psychosocial characteristics of functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) in patients with psychiatric disorders. Methods : This study was conducted with 144 outpatients visiting the psychiatric clinic at a university hospital. FGIDs were screened according to the Rome III questionnaire-Korean version. Demographic factors were investigated, and psychosocial factors were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Korean, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Chisquared test and student's t-test were used as statistical analysis methods. Results : There were differences in education level between two groups divided according to FGID status (${\chi}^2=10.139$, p=0.017). Comparing the psychiatric disorder by FGID group, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) group showed significant differences (${\chi}^2=11.408$, p=0.022). According to FGID status, IBS group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-3.106, p=0.002), depressive symptom (t=-2.105, p=0.037), somatic symptom (t=-3.565, p<0.001), trait anger (t=-3.683, p<0.001), anger-in (t=-2.463, p=0.015), and anger-out (t=-2.355, p=0.020). Functional dyspepsia group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-4.893, p<0.001), depressive symptom (t=-3.459, p<0.001), somatic symptom (t=-7.906, p<0.001), trait-anger (t=-4.148, p<0.001), state-anger (t=-2.181, p=0.031), anger-in (t=-2.684, p=0.008), and anger-out (t=-3.005, p=0.003). Nonerosive reflux disease group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-4.286, p<0.001), depressive symptom (t=-3.402, p<0.001), somatic symptom (t=-7.162, p<0.001), trait anger (t=-2.994, p=0.003), state anger (t=-2.259, p=0.025), anger-in (t=-2.772, p=0.006), and anger-out (t=-2.958, p=0.004). Conclusions : Patients with psychiatric disorders had a high prevalence of FGID, and various psychosocial factors contributed to such differences. Therefore, the psychiatric approach can offer better understandings and treatments to patients with FGID.