• Title/Summary/Keyword: Chinese soybean

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Assessment & Estimation of Water Footprint on Soybean and Chinese Cabbage by APEX Model (APEX 모형을 이용한 밭작물(콩, 배추) 물발자국 영향 평가)

  • Hur, Seung-Oh;Choi, Soonkun;Hong, Seong-Chang
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.159-165
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    • 2019
  • BACKGROUND: The water footprint (WF) is an indicator of freshwater use that appears not only at direct water use of a consumer or producer, but also at the indirect water use. As an indicator of 'water use', the water footprint includes the green, blue, and grey WF, and differs from the classical measure of 'water withdrawal' because of green and grey WF. This study was conducted to assess and estimate the water footprint of the soybean and Chinese cabbage. METHODS AND RESULTS: APEX model with weather data, soil and water quality data from NAS (National Institute of Agricultural Sciences), and farming data from RDA (Rural Development Administration) was operated for analyzing the WF of the crops. As the result of comparing the yield estimated from APEX with the yield extracted from statistic data of each county, the coefficients of determination were 0.83 for soybean and 0.97 for Chinese cabbage and p-value was statistically significant. The WFs of the soybean and Chinese cabbage at production procedure were 1,985 L/Kg and 58 L/Kg, respectively. This difference may have originated from the cultivation duration. The WF ratios of soybean were 91.1% for green WF and 8.9% for grey WF, but the WF ratios of Chinese cabbage were 41.5% for green WF and 58.5% for grey WF. CONCLUSION: These results mean that the efficiency of water use for soybean is better than that for Chinese cabbage. The results could also be useful as an information to assess environmental impact of water use and agricultural farming on soybean and Chinese cabbage.

Connection the Rhizomicrobiome and Plant MAPK Gene Expression Response to Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum in Wild and Cultivated Soybean

  • Chang, Chunling;Xu, Shangqi;Tian, Lei;Shi, Shaohua;Nasir, Fahad;Chen, Deguo;Li, Xiujun;Tian, Chunjie
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.35 no.6
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    • pp.623-634
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    • 2019
  • Little known the connections between soybeans mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene expression and the rhizomicrobiome upon invasion of the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. To address this lack of knowledge, we assessed the rhizomicrobiome and root transcriptome sequencing of wild and cultivated soybean during the invasion of F. oxysporum. Results indicated F. oxysporum infection enriched Bradyrhizobium spp. and Glomus spp. and induced the expression of more MAPKs in the wild soybean than cultivated soybean. MAPK gene expression was positively correlated with Pseudomonadaceae but negatively correlated with Sphingomonadaceae and Glomeraceae in both cultivated and wild soybean. Specifically, correlation profiles revealed that Pseudomonadaceae was especially correlated with the induced expression of GmMAKKK13-2 (Glyma.14G195300) and GmMAPK3-2 (Glyma.12G073000) in wild and cultivated soybean during F. oxysporum invasion. Main fungal group Glomeraceae was positively correlated with GmMAPKKK14-1 (Glyma.18G060900) and negatively correlated with GmRaf6-4 (Glyma.02G215300) in the wild soybean response to pathogen infection; while there were positive correlations between Hypocreaceae and GmMAPK3-2 (Glyma.12G073000) and between Glomeraceae and GmRaf49-3 (Glyma.06G055300) in the wild soybean response, these correlations were strongly negative in the response of cultivated soybean to F. oxysporum. Taken together, MAPKs correlated with different rhizomicrobiomes indicating the host plant modulated by the host self-immune systems in response to F. oxysporum.

Identification and Antioxidative Effects of Phenolic Compounds from Chinese Soybean (Heinong 48) (중국산 대두 (Heinong 48)의 페놀성 화합물 검출 및 항산화 효과)

  • Jeon, Ki-Suk;Xu, Yun-Long;Park, Shin-In
    • Culinary science and hospitality research
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.259-269
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    • 2015
  • This study was performed to investigate the phenolic compounds content and antioxidative activity of methanol extract from Chinese soybean. The content of total phenolics and total flavonoids of Chinese soybean Heinong 48) extract were $9.91{\pm}0.57GAE\;mg/g$ and $4.15{\pm}0.39QE\;mg/g$, respectively. The antioxidative activities of Chinese soybean extract were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) radical scavenging($IC_{50}$ values were $2.04{\pm}0.16$ and $3.31{\pm}0.31mg/mL$, respectively). These results suggest that Chinese soybean may have great potential as a natural antioxidant source with health benefits.

Evaluation of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein as a new protein source for broiler chickens in replacement of soybean meal

  • Xing Chen;Aijuan Zheng;Ahmed Pirzado Shoaib;Zhimin Chen;Kai Qiu;Zedong Wang;Wenhuan Chang;Huiyi Cai;Guohua Liu
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.37 no.7
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    • pp.1236-1245
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    • 2024
  • Objective: The object of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) in broiler diets on growth performance, blood indicators, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. Methods: A total of 180 Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three treatments, each treatment with six replicates and 10 broilers per replicate for a 42-day feeding trial. The control group (CON) was fed corn-soybean meal based diet. The CAP-1 and CAP-2 groups were considered to use CAP to replace 25% or 50% of soybean meal in the diet, respectively. The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers at 1 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d, and 1 to 42 d were measured, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. At the 42nd day of age, two broilers with similar weights and fasted for 12 h were selected in each replicate for blood collection from the brachial wing vein. The blood routine indicators, serum biochemical indicators, serum antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broiler chickens were measured. Results: Replacement of soybean meal with 25% (CAP-1) and 50% (CAP-2) CAP significantly increased the average daily gain of 22 to 42 d and 1 to 42 d and decreased the average daily feed intake and feed conversion rate (p<0.05). The CAP-1 group, and CAP-2 group significantly increased hemoglobulin in the blood of broilers, while the CAP-2 group increased hematocrit content (p<0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of superoxide dismutase and immunoglobulin A in serum of the CAP-2 group were significantly increased, while the contents of malondialdehyde in CAP group were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Replacing soybean meal with CAP led to significant improvements in the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broilers.

Dominance and Distribution of Weed Occurrence on Hot Pepper, Soybean, Maize, and Chinese Cabbage Fields of Gyeongbuk Province (경북지역 고추, 콩, 옥수수, 배추밭의 잡초종 발생 분포와 우점 양상)

  • Kim, Sang Kuk;Kim, Hak Yoon
    • Weed & Turfgrass Science
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.95-103
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    • 2015
  • In this study, we surveyed the distribution pattern and dominance of weeds occurred in four summer crop fields, hot pepper, soybean, maize, and Chinese cabbage in Gyeongbuk province. The weeds were summarized as 32 family and 132 species in hot pepper field, 31 family and 116 species in soybean field, 37 family 134 species in maize field, finally 35 family and 170 species in Chinese cabbage field. Among these weeds occurred in the four summer crop fields, the compositae was commonly dominant family, it occupied 17.4% in hot pepper field, 18.1% in soybean field, 11.9% in maize field, and 16.5% in Chinese cabbage field. The major five families including compositatae, graminae, polygonaceae, convolvulaceae and cruciferae were occupied 43.2% in hot pepper field, 47.4% in soybean field, 42.5% in maize field, and 43.5% in Chinese cabbage field, respectively. Furthermore, the most dominant weed in the hot pepper, soybean, maize, and Chinese cabbage fields was Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria ciliaris, and Rorippa palustris, respectively. This information could be useful for estimation of future weed occurrence, weed population dynamics and establishment of weed control methods in food crop fields of Gyeongbuk province.

The Formation of Magnetite Nanoparticle in Ordered System of the Soybean Lecithin

  • Li, Tiefu;Deng, Yingjie;Song, Xiaoping;Jin, Zhixiong;Zhang, Ying
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.24 no.7
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    • pp.957-960
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    • 2003
  • A method of preparation of magnetite nanoparticles in ordered systems, as in vesicle and microemulsion, consisting of soybean lecithin and water has been introduced. The size of magnetite grain was controlled by the content of soybean lecithin and size of liposomes in the systems. It was found by experiment that magnetite nanoparticles were formed inside the double layer vesicles. The magnetite nanoparticles were separated by magnetic separation and centrifugation and the dispersion of the magnetite nanoparticles prepared at 10% (w/w) soybean lecithin was particularly stable. The formation of pure magnetite nanoparticles was confirmed by analyses of XRD and electron diffraction pattern.

A Study on the Origin and interchange of Dujang (also known as soy bean souce) in ancient east Asia (고대(古代) 동(東)아시아속의 두장(豆醬)에 관한 발상(發祥)과 교류(交流)에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Sung-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.313-316
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    • 1990
  • Soybean was originated from the regions of Manchuria where it was processed into Dujang, the fermented soybean souce. It was not until the Han dynasty in China that 'Shi', one type of Dujang, was introduced. 'Shi', which is also known as 'Sanguk'(loose soybean Meju), is made by first boiling and then fermenting the kernel of cooked soybean. It was admitted by the Chinese scholors that the 'Shi' which was used in China was introduced from Manchurian, the neighboring people to China at that time and the concestor of Korean. 'Maljang' is a form of caked-shaped 'Meju' which is made by formenting cooked and mashed soybean. The 'Maljang' of Manchuria was introduced to China, where it was called 'Maldo'. This fact is stated in a book, 'Saminwolyong', written during the 2nd century. 'Maljang' is presently used in Korea, but China has abandoned the use of 'Maljang' since the 6th century. It was introduced to Japan from Korea around the 7th century, and is remained in a few local regions. Although the term 'Jang' is representing all sort of fermented soybean preducts, including 'Shi' and 'Maljang', today, the definition of 'Jang' differs between China and Korea. According to the Chinese definition of 'Jang'. it is fermented soybean mixed with other cereal Koji. 'Jang' was first mentioned in 'Jaeminyo sool' in China and it was lator introduced to Japan However, in Korea, the Chinese type of 'Jang' was not commonly used due to the popularity of 'Maljang'.

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Studies on the Selectivity of the Herbicide Alachlor;II. A Metabolic Approach to Selectivity (제초제 Alachlor 의 선택성에 관한 연구;II. 대사론적 접근)

  • Hwang, Eul-Chul;Park, Chang-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.209-215
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    • 1994
  • Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the herbicide alachlor in soybean, Chinese cabbage, and barnyard grass seedlings were examined and compared with each other using [phenyl-U-$^{14}C$] alachlor in search of a primary factor contributing to the selectivity of alachlor. When root of each seedling was immersed into the solution containing [$^{14}C$]alachlor, the amount of absorbed radioactivity/mg dry matter of seedling which was suggested to be correlated with the susceptibility of plants to alachlor decreased in the order of soybean ${\gg}$ Chinese cabbage ${\geq}$ barnyard grass and the rate of translocation to shoot was Chinese cabbage ${\geq}$ barnyard grass ${\gg}$ soybean. These orders did not consistently explain the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Analyses of extracts by reverse phase chromatography showed that alachlor was detoxified by conjugation with glutathione in all three plants and the rate of glutathione conjugation of soybean, the resistant species to alachlor, was the greatest, while that of barnyard grass, the susceptible, was the lowest among three plants. This result explained well the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Both absorption and translocation contribute undoubtedly to the selectivity by influencing the active internal concentration of alachlor. However, neither of them appeared to be a primary factor. It was concluded that the most important primary factor was the rate of glutathione conjugation, which detoxifies alachlor and plays an important role in selectivity.

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Isoflavone Contents of Soybean according to Different Planting Dates (파종기 이동에 따른 콩의 Isoflavone 함량 변화)

  • Yun, Hong-Tae;Kim, Wook-Han;Lee, Yeong-Ho;Suh, Sae-Jung;Kim, Si-Ju
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.51 no.spc1
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    • pp.174-178
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to compare the changes of isoflavone content grown at different planting dates and to determine a relationship between growing periods and isoflavone content, in soybean. A total fifty six soybean varieties, including summer type soybean, Chinese varieties and domestic soybean varieties, were used this experiment. Mean total isoflavone content of domestic soybean varieties was higher than summer type soybean varieties and Chinese varieties. And, the soybean isoflavone content was significantly increased in growth at late planting dates. Soybean isoflavone contents was increased with longer reproductive growth period. While, the relationship between seed weight and isoflavone content showed significantly negative correlation coefficient, -0.57 at Apr. 15, -0.51 at May 15, and -0.38 at Jun. 15, respectively planting dates.

Effect of Crop Rotation on Control of Clubroot Disease of Chinese Cabbage Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae (윤작작물 재배에 의한 배추 뿌리혹병 방제 효과)

  • Kim, Jeom-Soon;Lee, Jeong-Tae;Lee, Gye-Jun
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.242-247
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    • 2009
  • To select rotation crops for control of clubroot of Chinese cabbage, potato, corn, soybean, onion and groundsel were planted in the field infected with clubroot pathogen (Plasmodiophora brassicae) in highland area in 2000. In comparison of economical efficiency among rotation crops, potato and onion gained about 16.9 and 14.9 times higher, respectively, than successive cultivation of Chinese cabbage. Resting spore densities of Plasmodiophora brassicae after harvesting rotation crops were in the range of $0.3{\sim}1.2{\times}10^3/g$ soil in all cultivated soils with rotation crops while that of successive Chinese cabbage cultivation soil was very high as much as $89.3{\times}10^3/g$ soil. And disease severity of Chinese cabbage clubroot was 4.9, 20.2, 24.4, 25.1 and 27.8% in onion, soybean, potato, corn, and groundsel cultivation plot, respectively, while that of successive Chinese cabbage cultivation plot was very high as 77.8%. Effect of rotation period of onion, potato, soybean on disease control was investigated from 2002 to 2005. Resting spore densities of Plasmodiophora brassicae after cultivating rotation crops were decreased until $2^{nd}$ year and maintained low density at $3^{rd}$ year in all plots, while that of successive Chinese cabbage cultivation plot was increased 2.6 to 23.6 times for three years. When Chinese cabbage was rotation-cultivated with potato, soybean and onion for three years, disease severities of Chinese cabbage clubroot decreased 92 to 4.4%, 72 to 10.4% and 72 to 12.2%, respectively, while that of successive Chinese cabbage cultivation plot maintained 100%. As the rotation period increased, the yields of Chinese cabbage increased, while that of successive Chinese cabbage cultivation plot decreased. At $3^{rd}$ year, Chinese cabbage with high quality could be much more produced 2,205, 2,493 and 2,476 g in potato, soybean and onion cultivation plot, respectively, than 95 g in successive Chinese cabbage cultivation plot.