• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.5-13
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the application effects of dried food waste powder (FWP) and mixtures of FWP and organic fertilizer (MFOs) on the growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage. The physicochemical properties of FWP and MFOs were analyzed. As FWPs containing 3.11% NaCl was applied at 250 kg, 500 kg and 1,000 kg per 10a, growth factors of lettuce and Chinese cabbage, such as a number of leaf, leaf length, leaf width, and dry weight were decreased than those of control appling organic fertilizer. The higher the FWP ratio in the MFOs, the lower the concentrations of N and P₂O₅ in the MFOs, while the higher the concentration of NaCl. As compared to dry weight of control after treating MFOs, lettuce were not significant in MFOs treatments containing 10~30% FWP, and Chinese cabbage in MFOs treatment containing 10% FWP.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.303-312
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• 2014

As for chemical characteristics of cultivated media waste, the total content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium was 6.93%; organic matter content was 67.78%; pH and EC were 7.20 and 1.46 ds/m, respectively. Organic acids identified during stabilization included citric acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, and acetic acid, which was highest. During the stabilization of cultivated media waste, temperature decreased and pH increased on the 15th day, and the germination index was 88 after the period, indicating that at least 15 days of stabilization is needed when cultivated media waste is used for growth material of crop. As for germination characteristics, when the mixture rate of cultivated media waste was 20% and under, germination of cucumber and oriental melon was favorable without difference compared to the control plots. For lettuce and Chinese cabbage, no statistically significant difference was found when the rate was 10% and under compared to the control plots. As for seedling quality after 20 days of sowing, cucumber, oriental melon, and Chinese cabbage showed favorable growth only when the mixture rate of cultivated media waste was 10% and under; lettuce showed lower growth characteristics regardless of mixture rate when compared to the control plots. Cultivated media waste may be significantly useful for cucumber and oriental melon, but not for Chinese cabbage and lettuce.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.327-331
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer (SRF) on the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage. The SRF used in this study was prepared by embedding urea into a waste paper slum. The underwater dissolution rate of SRF was very rapid during the first 12 hours and 60.4% of the embedded nitrogen was released after 72 hours. The SRF and urea was applied as nitrogen source and growth. yield, yield components, nitrogen uptake of Chinese cabbage were investigated a pot experiment. Maximum leaf length of Chinese cabbage was not different between SRF and urea treatments. Length and wish of head, number of leaf per head and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage were higher in SRF treatment than those in urea treatment, but the differences were not statistically significant. Comparing to the urea treatment, nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake efficiency of Chinese cabbage were significantly higher in SRF treatment. After the experiment, total soil nitrogen contents were not different between the SRF and urea treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2005

The effects of feeding Brassica vegetable market wastes on intake, body weight changes and pesticide/insecticide residues in products of goats were evaluated in two experiments. In the first experiment (Exp. 1) 16 goats (Bach Thao, 9 to 10 kg, 3 months old, 9 males and 7 females) were fed four diets with leaves either from cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) or Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. pekinensis) with 30% of Para grass. The control group was fed 100% Para grass. All diets contained soybean waste as a supplement and the experiment lasted for 136 days. In the second experiment (Exp. 2) 24 goats (Bach Thao, 12 to 14 kg, all males) were assigned to three treatments in a completely randomised block design based on initial body weight. The goats were fed cabbage waste supplemented with 200 g or 100 g DM (dry matter) of concentrate. Para grass with 100 g DM concentrate supplementation was used as a control group. The experiment lasted for 90 days and at the end of the study, 12 goats were slaughtered for pesticide/insecticide analysis. Due to low DM content (5.3 and 3.7%, respectively) feed intakes of cabbage and Chinese cabbage groups were lower than those of other groups in the experiment. The highest feed intake and body weight gain was obtained when the goats were fed cauliflower (529 g DM/day and 87.5 g/day, respectively). In Exp. 2 total intake of cabbage and concentrate was similar (484 g and 453 g DM/day) whether the goats were fed 100 or 200 g concentrate/day but lower than that of Para grass and concentrate probably due to the low DM content of the cabbage (5.9%). Crude protein intake (79 g to 86 g/day) and body weight gain (70 g to 88 g/day) was not significantly different between treatments. Adding concentrate consequently resulted in higher DM intake than in Exp. 1 but did not result in any higher growth rate. Three of the pesticide/insecticide residues tested were found in cabbage, Alpha-Cypermethrin, Bassa-Fenobucarb and Dimethoate with levels of 0.175, 0.074 and 0.028 mg/kg fresh cabbage respectively. Weight of livers from goats fed cabbage was about 90 g higher than from goats fed Para grass but no pesticide/herbicide residues were found in meat or liver.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2012

This study investigated the lipid profiles for the possible improving activity of insoluble dietary fiber extracted from cabbage waste discarded during kimchi manufacture and market distribution. Enzyme-treated Insoluble Dietary Fiber (EIDF) is the remnants of crude dietary fiber (CDF) treated by ${\alpha}$-amylase, protease, and amyloglucosidase after removal of soluble materials from cabbage waste. The insoluble dietary fiber of CDF and EIDF in cabbage waste was $65.33{\pm}0.33%$ and $73.57{\pm}0.09%$, respectively. To examine the effects of EIDF on plasma cholesterol concentration, two group of rats were fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or a HFD containing 0.1~1.0% EIDF for 4 weeks. The body weight of all groups was not significantly different (p<0.05) but the body weight of EIDF+HFD groups was less than that of the HFD group (p<0.1). Compared with the HFD group, EIDF also lowered serum levels of total triglycerides to 11.2~23.3% and cholesterol to 26.8~28.5%. In EIDF+HFD groups, the HDL-cholesterol level increased by 7.2~26.1%, while LDL-cholesterol especially decreased by 51.0~61.4% and VLDL-cholesterol by 16.9~26.4%. The atherogenic index of EIDF+HFD groups was also reduced twice that of the HFD group. From these results, EIDF from cabbage waste could be a potential effective food ingredient for improving lipid profiles.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.21-26
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• 2001

This study was performed to define the physicochemical characteristics of food waste and food wastewater, and to find the effect of salinity variation experiment, the samples of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were prepared by the salinity of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%, respectively. In experiment, aerobic composting reactors were operated by the model which was composed of half an hour's stirring and 2 hour's aeration per day, for 45 days. Seeds of vegetables of Chinese cabbage and red pepper were seeded at compost-free control, compost 1, 2, 3 and compost 4 for the sake of investigation of germination rate and growth rate of those. The followings are the conclusions that were derived from this study. 1. In food waste, the moisture content was 60%, organic compound content was 95%, total carbon was 47.5%, total nitrogen was 1.6%(therefore, C/N ratio was 30). The values of pH were 4.0 and 3.8 the values of salinity were 0.9% and 1.2%, and the values of conductivity were 7.8 mS/cm and 18.0 mS/cm, respectively. 2. In salinity experiment, the reduction rate of volume was increased(40%) when the salinity was decreased(1.0%). Also, the reduction rate of mass was increased(52%) when the salinity was decreased(1.0%). This fact denotes that salinity hinders the process of composting. 3. Germination rate and growth rate of Chinese cabbage are more excellent than those of red pepper(97.14%, 5.2:2.5 cm). 4. In Chinese cabbage, germination rate and growth rate at compost with the lowest salinity are more excellent than those at compost-free control(97:94%, 5.2:4.5 cm).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.271-275
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• 2005

Pine bark, chinese cabbage, crap shell which are used for removing metal ions from aqueous solutions. The removal of metal ions from aqueous solution by adsorption and ion exchange on bio residues was studied. Biosorption of $Cu^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}$ were compared. Adsorption ability different for the factors [adsorption time, adsorbent weight, initial concentration] and all experiments pH variation were investigated. It was shown that chinese cabbage has higher metal removal ability than other materials The pH variation of metal solution were investigated according to the influences of the initial concentration and weight adsorbents.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 2018

Biochar is the carbon solid produced through the pyrolysis of a biomass from organic sources such as agricultural waste, animal manure, and sludge under limited or anaerobic conditions. Biochar has the effect of reducing greenhouse gases through the carbon sequestration method; additionally, biochar is known to function as a soil amendment. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the application of biochar on the growth characteristics of Chinese cabbage at Chungnam National University in Daejeon, Korea. The Chinese cabbage was grown for 50 days in a glasshouse in pots. A pruning branch was used to produce the bead and pellet forms of biochar through pyrolysis. The biochar was added to the soil at 0, 2, and 5% by weight. The Chinese cabbage with the 2% treatment of the bead form of biochar had the highest fresh weight ($149.43{\pm}15.92g\;plant^{-1}$) which was increased by 10% compared to the control ($136.91{\pm}31.46g\;plant^{-1}$). Moreover, for the 5% treatment of the bead form of biochar ($60.91{\pm}9.82g\;plant^{-1}$), the growth decreased by 57% compared to the control. As the content of the bead form of biochar increased, the shoot dry weight, leaf number, leaf length and lead width that appeared decreased. An increase in the total organic matter, Avail. $P_2O_5$, Ex. cation and EC was observed when the biochar content was increased. Our results support the application of 2% biochar in the bead form for increased growth of Chinese cabbage.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 1995

Solid and liquid phase peroxidases were extracted from Chinese cabbage roots by using commercial juicer in order to use peroxidases from agricultural waste for industrial applications. Since peroxidases are distributed into 66% in liquid (juice) and 34% in solid phase (pulp), enzymes from both phases were applied to investigate the enzymatic removal of phenol from waste water. After contacting 150 ppm Phenol solution with liquid phase enzyme (1,800 unit/$\ell$) for 3 hours in a batch stirred reactor, 96% of phenol could be removed through polymerization and precipitation. Also, phenol could be removed from initial 120ppm to 5ppm by applying solid phase enzyme in an air lift reactor ($600 unit/\ell$). Almost equivalent efficiencies of phenol removal were observed between two systems, even though only one third of the enzymes in batch stirred reactor was applied in airlift reactor. The possible reason for this phenomenon is because peroxidases exist as immobilized forms in solid phase.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2019

Microalgae do not require much land and make a higher efficient oil production. However, it costs still much higher than other biodiesel resources, such as crops. Sugars charge 80% of culture media when microalgae are massively cultured in the fermenter. This study aims to develop a cost-efficient process for sugar production from Chinese cabbage byproducts. Pre-treatment with 0.25% H₂SO₄ was most effective when chopped cabbage was incubated 50℃/130 rpm for 24 hours. To hydrolyze cabbage cellulose, we used cellulases secreted from Trichoderma. harzianum. T. harzianum was cultured at 28℃/pH 7/130 rpm for five days. Optimal enzymatic activity of cellulase was obtained by incubating at 0.24 FPU/ml/45℃/pH 5/130 rpm for three days. In comparison to other agricultural waste, such as rice straw, green tea leaves, and palm residue, Chinese cabbage produced the highest sugar yield. We found the optimal conditions to produce sugar from Chinese cabbage byproducts as a carbon source to culture biodiesel-producing microalgae. The efficient process developed in this study helps microalgae as a sustainable alternative energy source by cost-down.