• 수산경영론집
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

This study estimated quantitatively the loss of the fisheries due to China's illegal fishing that prevailed in the EEZ of the country in recent and has been an object to present a basic data in the implementation of government policy as to strengthen the enforcement capacity, setting up the direction of the crackdown of Chinese through to figure out an objective loss according to that. The analyzed result of this study setting a reasonable scenario, fisheries resources reduction is estimated about 67.5 million ton and the estimated amount of the loss is about 1.3 trillion won. This is 21.2% of about 318.3 ten thousand tons of the total fishery production of the country and accounts for 61.9% compared to coastal and offshore fisheries production. Therefore it is a very serious problem due to China's illegal fishing in Korea fisheries sector. It is significant to the point that estimating the qualitative and quantitative losses that can achieve a realistic and effective policy.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.19-37
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• 2014

This study is to focus on the status of implementation of bilateral-fishery order based on the Korea-China fisheries agreement and aims to improve fisheries relationship between two countries. Korea-China Fisheries Agreement entered into force in 2001, and serves as a basic framework of the bilateral fisheries order. However, the fishing order between Korea and China has the following limitations. First, it is standstill of joint response for a practical resource management. Second, there are still gaps between the quotas of mutual accord fishing and fishing operation work performance. Third, China's illegal fishing is taking place consistently. Fourth, the effective cooperation between two countries in fisheries is not carried out. Finally, the Korea has faced difficult situations to adhere to a balanced position in the fishery negotiations due to conflicting positions on China and Japan. In order to solve these problems, the fishing order between Korea and China will be able to maintain the competitiveness of Korean fishery sector by reinforcing Korea's fishing sovereignty, Korea and China, based on trust and cooperation, will make efforts to improve bilateral fisheries relations to maximize mutual benefit in fishery sector. Specifically, first, the two countries should strengthen the resources management based on the scientific research and the improvement of imbalance of the mutual agreed fishing in EEZ. Second, Korea has to achieve our targeted performance of fishing operation and establish a joint resources management system between two countries in the provisional measure zone. Third, Korea should implement to collect fisheries information about China fishing vessels which are operating in the EEZ of Korea. Finally, Korea and China should be building up effective governance framework for the establishment of fishing order.

• Strategy21
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• 통권33호
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• pp.178-201
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• 2014

China National People's Congress has passed the bill to combine the Marine Law Enforcement into "State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China". This bill was intended to resolve the overlapping jurisdiction and disputes caused in ocean territory in nearby countries. The purpose of reorganizing the administration was to combine the dispersed organization into one group. This new big administration was basically organized to increase the power of China marine state on the long-term. The reorganization plan is to group General Administration of Customs, China Marine Surveillance, Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, and Border Control Department into one State Oceanic Administration. The new state Oceanic Administration carries the authority to protect rights and enforce the marine law supported by Public Security Bureau. Korea Coast Guard has been cooperating with China Marine Surveillance since 1998 when the first pact was made. The next step expanded to General Administration of Customs. Currently working with Regional Maritime Law Enforcement organizations dealing mostly with illegal Chinese fishing boats and IEODO conflict. In order to solve the problems we face today is to observe the process of the New China Coast Guard administration, analysing the effects that could be caused by the change and to keep close cooperation between the new administrations.

• 해양안보
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.113-136
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• 2022

본 논문은 중국의 서해 내해화 전략을 분석하여 해양에 종사하거나, 해양 정책을 연구하는 이들에게 시사점을 제공하기 위해 작성하였다. 이를 위해 최근 서해에서 이루어지고 있는 중국의 해상활동을 아더 라이케가 제시한 전략 구성요소인 목표(Ends), 방법(Ways) 및 수단(Means)의 세 가지 기준으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 중국은 서해 내해화라는 목표를 달성하기 위해 국가 차원에서 제 요소를 복합적으로 활용한다는 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 중국은 ① 정전 상태에 있는 한반도의 특수한 안보 환경을 이용하여 북방한계선(NLL, Northern Limit Line) 인근에서 자국 어선들의 불법조업을 의도적으로 방조하여 서해를 영해로 기정사실화하며, ② 자국의 국가안보에 대한 위협을 이유로 서해상 한･미 연합훈련을 거부하는 한편, 동 해역 내 군사훈련을 확대하고 군용기를 한국방공식별구역 인근으로 상시 진입하게 하여 군사적 능력을 과시하고, ③ 과학탐구를 빙자하여 서해에 각종 시설을 확대 설치하고 있다. 필자가 본 연구를 통해 강조하고 싶은 것은 '서해에서 자행되는 일부 중국의 활동은 한국의 주권을 심각하게 침해하는 행위이며, 한국은 서해에서 국민의 자유로운 해양 활동과 안전을 보장하기 위해 한미 연합전력 중심의 비례적 대응을 해야 한다는 것'이다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권43호
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• pp.175-199
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• 2018

Recent marine territorial disputes in the East China Sea and the South China Sea have come to us as a great threat. China, which has recently established the China Coast Guard and has rapidly developed maritime security forces, is trying to overcome the various conflict countries with its power. Japan is also strengthening intensively its maritime security forces. Since Korea, China, and Japan are geographically neighboring and sharing maritime space in Northeast Asia, there is no conflict between maritime jurisdiction and territorial rights among the countries. The struggle for initiative in the ocean is fierce among the three coastal nations in Northeast Asia. therefore, Korea needs more thorough preparation and response to protect the marine sovereignty. As the superpowers of China and Japan are confronted and the United States is involved in the balance of power in strategic purposes, the East Asian sea area is a place where tension and conflict environment exist. China's illegal fishing boats are constantly invading our waters, and they even threaten the lives of our police officers. The issue of delimiting maritime boundaries between Korea and China has yet to be solved, and is underway in both countries, and there is a possibility that the exploration activities of the continental shelf resources may collide as the agreement on the continental shelf will expire between Korea and Japan. On the other hand, conflicts in the maritime jurisdictions of the three countries in Korea, China and Japan are leading to the enhancement of maritime security forces to secure deterrence rather than military confrontation. In the situation where the unresolved sovereignty and jurisdiction conflicts of Korea, China and Japan continue, and the competition for the strengthening of the maritime powers of China and Japan becomes fierce, there is a urgent need for stabilization and enhancement of the maritime forces in our country. It is necessary to establish a new long-term strategy for enhancing the maritime security force and to carry out it. It is expected that the Korean Coast Guard, which once said that it was a model for the establishment of China's Coast Guard as a powerful force for the enforcement of the maritime law, firmly establishes itself as a key force to protect our oceans with the Navy and keeps our maritime sovereignty firmly.

• 해양안보
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.149-173
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• 2020

COVID-19 위기로 인해 미국을 비롯한 서구 세력들이 혼란에 빠져 있는 상황에서도, 중국은 회색지대 전략으로 공세적인 해양팽창을 계속하고 있다. 중국이 남중국해를 중심으로 사용하고 있는 회색 지대 전략이란 전쟁도, 평화도 아닌 불분명한 상태를 창출함으로써 국제정치의 현상변경을 추진하는 전략을 말한다. 동아시아 전역으로 영향력을 확대하려 하는 중국은 앞으로 한반도에도 회색지대 전략을 투사하려 할 것이다. 한국이 남중국해 분쟁에 우발적으로 연루되는 경우, 서해에서 중국어선의 불법조업으로 부터 양국의 군사적 갈등이 초래되는 경우, 중국이 이어도에 충돌을 일으키고 개입하려는 경우, 가능성은 낮으나 독도문제를 이용해 한일갈등을 일으켜 한중 결속을 시도하는 경우들이 예상된다. 이에 대처하기 위해 한국은 장기적인 관점에서 아시아 해양안전 선단 창설 및 국가함대라는 틀을 통한 해군과 해경의 통합운용 활성화, 중국의 도발에 대한 대응체계 강화 등을 추구해야 할 것이다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.91-115
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• 2004

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the cooperative squid fisheries problems surrounding the $E128^{\circ}$, established by the 1965 Korea - Japan Fisheries Agreement which banned Korean large trawlers' fishing east to the $E128^{\circ}$ In fact, the moratorium was put on by Japans request. However, such issue did not occur until the filefish stock in the southern Korean sea, which was a major target fish species of the large trawl fisheries, The filefish stock collapsed completely around 1991 and at the same time most of bottom fish stocks in the East China Sea began to show a symptom of over - exploitation. Thus, the off - shore large trawlers learned to have a little opportunity of finding out alternative fish stocks as well as fishing grounds. Fortunately, at that time squid resource stock and consumption were on the increasing trend. The large trawl fisheries were able to economically exploit squid stock east to the $E128^{\circ}$ through cooperative fishing with squid angling light boats in the East and East - South Sea, even though such cooperative fishing activities violate the existing fishery laws apparently. Some important reasons that the large trawlers have continued the cooperative fishing seem to be because (ⅰ) squid resource stock has been on the increasing state over time, (ⅱ) the trawl fisheries have made a significant contribution to meeting domestic and export demands and stabilizing squid prices, and (ⅲ) they have kept domestic squid market from foreign competition. However, the new Korea - Japan fisheries agreement in 1998 provided a momentum of questioning the effectiveness of the $E128^{\circ}$ by the squid - related fisheries other than the squid angling. Serious conflicts between squid - related fisheries began to emerge and to be much intensified. Squid angling industries in the East opposed to large trawlers's efforts to formalize such illegal cooperative squid fishing activities. Their main argument was that such formalizing would definitely make the East coast squid prices lower and in turn their business performance would be worse off. The results of quantitative analysis suggest that the trawlers' massive landing may have a significant influence on lowering the east coast squid prices. Now, an important issue that the squid - related fisheries and the government are facing is to solve such complex squid fishing problems through a multi - participatory negotiation process, including price stabilization, total allowable catch level and its operation schemes, $E128^{\circ}$ rearrangement, and so on.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2023

The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called 'Yiren' or 夷人 in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as 'Tanka People' (named 'Danmin' or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the 'drifters' in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some 'coolies' entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제44호
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• pp.85-116
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• 2015

1953년 12월 23일 불법 외국어선 단속 및 영해경비를 목적으로 창설된 해양경찰은 2014년 4월 16일 발생한 세월호 사건을 계기로 국민안전처 해양경비안전본부로 개편되었다. 이 과정에 정보 수사업무는 '해상에서 발생한 사건에 관한 수사 정보'를 제외하고 경찰청으로 이관되었다. 그러나 정보활동에 대한 정의가 명시되지 않았으며 활동범위와 관할이 불분명하여 논란이 지속되고 있다. 이러한 인식하에 본 연구에서는 정부조직법 개정으로 개편된 해양경비안전본부의 정보기능에 대해 법적, 제도적 측면을 분석하고 경찰청, 일본 해상보안청, 미국 해양경비대 등 국내 외 치안기관과의 비교분석을 통해 그 한계를 도출하고 개선방안 제시를 목적으로 하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면, 첫째 법적인 측면에서 "정부조직법" 본문에 정보활동에 대한 수권 근거가 없었으며, 임무를 규정한 조직법이 없었고, 작용법 역시 근거가 미약하였다. 둘째, 제도적 측면에서 "정부조직법" 부칙에 규율된 '해상에서 발생한 사건에 관한 정보'의 개념이 불분명하며, 경비 안전 오염방제 업무는 '해양에서'로, 정보업무는 '해상에서 발생한 사건'으로 각각 이원화 되어 직무와 정보활동의 범위가 일치하지 않았다. 또한, 직제 및 인력이 대폭 감축되어 유기적이고 조직적인 정보활동이 곤란하였다. 경찰청은 "정부조직법"에 '치안에 관한 사무'가 명시되어 있으며, 조직법과 작용법을 통하여 수권직무를 지원하는 정보활동범위를 '치안정보 수집, 작성 및 배포'로 규정하여 담당직무와 정보활동의 범위가 일치하고 있었다. 일본이나 미국 해상치안기관 역시 정보기능이 설치되어 있으며 조직의 임무에 부합하는 정보활동을 하고 있었다. 중국, 일본 등 인접국가들은 해양에서의 우위를 확보하기 위하여, 중국은 해경국을 신설하였으며, 일본은 해상보안관에게 도서지역에서 경찰권을 행사할 수 있도록 관련법령을 개정하는 등 해양집행력을 강화하고 있으며 이를 뒷받침하기 위해 분야별로 전문화된 정보기능을 유지, 발전시키고 있었다. 해양주권수호 및 해양안전의 안정적인 집행력을 확보하기 위해 해양경비안전본부의 정보기능에 대해 법적근거를 명확히 갖추고 직제와 기능을 강화함과 동시에 인력을 보강하고 전문적인 교육 및 관리 체제를 갖추기를 제안한다.