• STI Policy Review
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.98-111
• /
• 2014

Since Deng Xiaoping's implementation of the "One China, Two Systems" policy, mainland China and the other Chinese regions of Hong Kong and Macau have cooperated in various ways to work towards successfully developing China's overall economy and industries. Particularly, cooperation between Guangdong Province and adjoining Hong Kong have been contributing to China's development, and this study explores their industry conditions including their current two governments policies designed to promote collaboration. The two partners were in a cooperative relationship even before the handover of Hong Kong, beginning with a "front shop, back factory" model built on their respective comparative advantages in labor-intensive industries in the 1980s. This cooperation effectively propelled the Pearl River Delta Region's industrialization process and enabled Hong Kong to transform from a manufacturing industry-based economy to a service industry-based economy. From the early 2000s, Guangdong and Hong Kong diversified their collaboration project from culture to high-tech. Also, both authorities produced several types of policies not only to promote both industries but also to harmonize their two different economic levels and models. As a result, the Guangdong and Hong Kong economies have developed remarkably well during the past two decades and continue to form future plans that carry plenty of optimism. Nonetheless, this study showed discrepancies between engineers and scientists from the two areas in their perception of their technology and science cooperation. Hong Kong experts were more negative in their responses but noted some successes of the collaboration, while Guangdong's group showed overall positive responses. This difference results from an unbalanced role in cooperation. Hong Kong's side responds to cooperation plans and takes on leading roles with more frequency than Guangdong's side in actual cooperation project processes.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제18권10호
• /
• pp.95-105
• /
• 2020

본 연구에서 다루게 될 홍콩문제란 1997년 7월 1일 홍콩의 중국 반환 이후 중국 정부가 홍콩에 대해 취한 여러 가지 조치와 정책들과 이에 대해 홍콩인들이 보여주었던 저항과 반발로 인해 발생한 문제들을 말한다. 중국 정부는 반환 이후 홍콩에 대한 직접적 지배를 강화하는 정책을 전개했고, 2020년 6월 30일 중국 전국인민대표대회 상무위원회는 홍콩국가보안법(이하 '홍콩보안법')을 통과시켰다. 본 연구는 홍콩문제가 양안관계에 미칠 영향을 중점적으로 살펴볼 예정이다. 이를 통해 '일국양제' 정책의 적용문제, 양안의 통일문제, 그리고 홍콩의 민주화 문제 등을 함께 살펴볼 것이다. 본 연구는 '홍콩보안법' 통과 이후 중국이 대만과의 통일에 적용하려고 했던 '일국양제' 원칙은 큰 시험대에 들것이고, 양안관계와 미·중 관계가 매우 악화될 것으로 전망한다. 향후 동북아 지역을 중심으로 긴장관계가 빠르게 조성될 것이며, 이에 대해 우리도 다각적으로 분석하고 대비해야 할 것이다.

• 서비스연구
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 2018

본 연구는 최근 중국의 서비스 경제로의 전환에 따라 폭발적으로 커지는 중국 서비스 시장에 한국기업들이 진출하기 위한 대안 전략의 하나로서 홍콩을 경유하는 방안을 제시한다. 서비스 무역은 상품 보다 규제가 많고 노동집약적이며 내수중심이라 대외개방이 더딘 분야이다. 특히, 중국은 경제적으로는 시장경제를 추구하지만, 정치적으로는 공산당이 지배하는 통제사회로 더 심하다. 따라서 중국 정부의 규제를 되도록 덜 적용 받아야 하고, 적용받을 때도 관료들이 자의적으로 행사하는 것을 최대한 피할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 연구는 대안으로 중-홍콩 CEPA를 활용해 홍콩을 경유하는 방안에 대한 전략적 가치를 한-중 FTA 서비스 부문과 비교를 통해 도출한다. 이와 함께 한-중 및 중-홍콩간 조세협약 차이와 홍콩 기업가들이 가진 네트워크도 중국진출의 리스크를 줄일 수 있다는 점을 밝힌다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.23-50
• /
• 2008

In a global economy where, private parties increasingly favour arbitration over litigation, many foreigners are unfortunately reluctant to arbitration with China's parties because the China national courts do not scrutinize the merits when deciding whether to recognize and enforce foreign awards. As a result, the finality of arbitral awards hangs in uncertainty. Overseas concern is that China's courts may abuse "Public Policy" grounds provided for in the New York Convention to set aside or refuse to enforce foreign awards. The purpose of this article is to examine the distrust to enforcement of arbitral awards whether that is just an assumption. In spite of the modernize and internationalize her international arbitration system and many reforms provided in the related law and rules, the most vexing leftover issues are caused of the lack of "rule of law" in China. This situation imply the risk of pervert 'Public Policy' as the ground for refusing enforcement of arbitral awards. Some cases reflect the fear. But it is unclear whether those cases caused from the lack of "rule of law" in China. Same uncertainty present between Hon Kong-China under th one country-two legal system after the return of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997. While China is striving to improve its enforcement mechanism in regard to the enforcement of arbitral awards, it can only be expect following the establishment of rule of law in the future.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
• /
• 제1권4호
• /
• pp.301-310
• /
• 2012

Buildings, energy and the environment are key issues that the building professions and energy policy makers have to address, especially in the context of sustainable development. With more tall buildings constructed in China, the impact on energy consumption and carbon emission would be great from buildings (2% increase of carbon dioxide annually between 1971 and 2004). The imperative was to investigate the building energy performance of high-rise in different climate zones and identify the key design parameters that impose significantly influence on energy performance in sustainable building design. Design implications on glazing performance, sizing of the ventilation fans, renewable energy application on high-rise building design are addressed. Combination of effective sustainable building design strategies (e.g., building envelope improvement, daylight harvesting, advanced lighting design, displacement ventilation, chilled ceiling etc.) could contribute more than 25% of the total building energy consumption compared to the international building energy code.

• 토지주택연구
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.53-56
• /
• 2014

Hong Kong, a well-known metropolis characterized by skyscrapers on both sides of the Victoria Harbour, consists mainly of 3 parts, namely the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon peninsula and the New Territories (N.T.) which is the land area north of Kowloon plus a number of outlying islands. Located in the N.T. are all the new towns, market towns; and in the plains and valleys lie scattered village houses of not more than 3 storeys within the confines of well-defined village. These village houses are governed by a rural housing policy that could be traced back to the very beginning of the former British administration in the N.T. By the Convention of Peking of 1898, the N.T., comprising the massive land area north of Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and 235 islands, was leased to Britain by China for 99 years from 1st July 1898. Soon after occupation, the colonial government conducted a survey of this uncharted territory from 1899 to 1903, and set up a land court to facilitate all land registration work and to resolve disputed claims. By 1905, the Block Crown Leases with Schedule of Lessees and details of the lots, each with a copy of the lot index plan (Demarcation Plan) were executed. Based on the above, Crown rent rolls were prepared for record and rent collection purposes. All grants of land thereafter are known as New Grant lots. After completion and execution of the Block Crown Lease in 1905, N.T. villagers had to purchase village house lots by means of Restricted Village Auctions; and Building Licences were issued to convert private agricultural land for building purposes but gradually replaced by Land Exchanges (i.e. to surrender agricultural land for the re-grant of building land) from the early 1960's until introduction of the current Small House Policy in October 1972. It was not until the current New Territories Small House Policy came into effect in December 1972 that the Land Authority can make direct grant of government land or approve the conversion of self-owned agricultural land to allow indigenous villagers to build houses within the village environs under concessionary terms. Such houses are currently restricted to 700 square feet in area and three storeys with a maximum height of 27 feet. An indigenous villager is a male descendent of a villager who was the resident of a recognized village already existing in 1898. Each villager is only allowed one concessionary grant in his lifetime. Upon return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1st, 1997, the traditional rights of indigenous villagers are protected under Article 40 of the Basic Law (a mini-constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Also all N.T. leases have been extended for 50 years up to 2047. Owing to the escalating demand and spiral landed property prices in recent years, abuse of the N.T. Small House Policy has been reported in some areas and is a concern in some quarters. The Hong Kong Institute of Land Administration attempts to study the history that leads to the current rural housing policy in the New Territories with particular emphasis on the small house policy, hoping that some light can be shed on the "way forward" for such a controversial policy.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 2018

중국 물류 산업에 큰 변화가 있었음에도 중국 물류의 연구 동향에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 기존 연구는 운송 효율성, 창고 위치 및 항만 효율 등과 같은 세분화된 주제로 연구가 진행되었다. 본 연구에서는 2000년부터 2017년까지 중국 물류의 연구 동향을 SNA방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 자료는 해외저널에서 수집되었으며, 총 82 개 관련 학술지가 분석대상으로 사용되었다. 2000년에서 2017년까지 기간을 나누어 분석을 진행하였고, 첫 번째 기간 (2000-2008)은 "Globalization", "Hong Kong", "FDI" 및 "outsousing"과 같은 키워드가 상위 키워드로 도출되었다. 두 번째 기간(2009-2013)의 결과는 "internation trade", 및 "reverse logistics"와 같은 키워드들이 도출되었고, 세 번째 기간(2013-2017)에는 "3PL", "warehousing", "railways", "supply chain", "economic", "port" 및 "Belt and Road"등의 키워드가 상위로 나타났다. SNA 방법을 사용한 중국물류 연구 트렌드 분석 결과, 세계화 상황에서 중국이 급속히 변화함에 따라 중국 물류의 연구동향이 진화하고 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• 지역연구
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.131-153
• /
• 1999

Since 1980's there have been two trends that obviously developed in the would -- economics globalization and urban internationalization. China, with is reform and opening-up policy and rapid economic growth, keeps pace with these two trends. The term "International City" has no putative standard or definition. If we make an analogue of urban functional hierarchy in the world with a pyramid, the International Citiesa are the few elites on its top. The highest level international cities can be called "World City" or "Global City". In today's new international division of labor, they are diversified leading cities with control capacity on a world scale, like New York, London, and Tokyo. The secondary international cities are either diversified cities with influence and regulative functions on multinational scale or specialized cities on politics, economics, culture, or other aspects with worldwide impact. Judged by different criteria, there is no city that is qualified as International City with the exception of Hong Kong, which was returned to the P.R. of China in 1997. Nevertheless, Some favorable conditions for the development of the international city still exist in China. This country is already the sixth largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest one if GNP estimated by ppp. Furthermore its import and export value make up for 40% of its GNP, indicating that China is repidly merging into global economy. In this 1, 2 billion-population country, the difference of economic levels between urban and rural, coastal and inland regions is so big that a few metropolises in the coastal region have the possibilities and potentials to develop into international cities regardless of rather low GNP per capita of the whole country. This article will focus on analysis from several perspectives, such as the proportion of foreign trade values in GDP, the proportion of imports and exports by foreign funded enterprises in total foreign trade value; distribution of the 500 largest foreign-funded enterprises; distribution of the 500 enterprises with largest import and export values; distrigbution of foreign computer and telecom companies with offices in China; the number of outward flights per week and the international tourists; the value of foreign capital used in cities and so on. From this analysis, it is predicted that Chinese international cities will surely emergy from the eastern coastal regions and they must be the core cities of metropolitan interlocking regions that have been formed or in the process of forming. Those international cities will arise from south to north in turn : Hong Kong-Guangzhu, Shanghai, Beijing-Tianjin, and perhaps the last one is Dalian-Shenyang. The other side of this issue is that there is a long way for the coming international cities in China except Hong Kong. At least China and these core cities must continually devote to (1) improve the regional composition of foreign capital sources. (2) improve the composition of export commodities. (3) improve the investment environment (including hard and soft environment) to attract more transnational corporations to settle. (4) deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises and establish Chinese own transnational corporations to enter the world market.ons to enter the world market.

• 수산경영론집
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.133-162
• /
• 2008

In 1970, direct overseas investment in Korean fisheries started to sell the frozen marine products to Singapore with establishing local subsidiary. Direct overseas investment in China has carried out since Korea and China established diplomat relationship in 1992. the former day, The Korea invested indirectly in China via Hong Kong. It has reported that 253 local subsidiaries applied to China government permit at the end of 2004. The results will make a decision on whether to invest continuously. The results of actual proof analysis has announced that a successful investment of fishery company is mainly influenced in its own government policy. Many advantages of tax and administration for foreign company in China have been changed and vanished comparing to the beginning time of entering china. So. it is imperative for Korean government to take measures to changing policy of Chinese government. The early days, investment of fishery company is type of resources and abundant resources will affect succeeding investment. Nowadays, the type of the investment is the production oriented investment. And then many direct investment linked the production oriented investment have been conducted in many area in China. So. the production oriented investment will affect logistics and successful investment in China. And, The factor of Market potential in Market Factors in the middle of changing market oriented investment will conclude whether to invest. As the china exchange system changed from the fixed exchange system to the fluctuating exchange system. Risk of exchange rate will affect corporate's parent business. The local risk (regulation of import and export, remittance) will affect succeeding investment of corporate's parent.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.177-187
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 한국의 대 세계 수출입 동향과 한국의 대 베트남 수출입 동향을 살펴보았다. 또한 한국의 주요 무역 국가인 중국, 미국, 베트남, 홍콩, 일본, 대만에 대한 수출입 동향을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국의 대 베트남 수출과 수입이 얼마나 증가하였는지 살펴보고, 다른 주요 국가에 비해 얼마나 많이 상승하였는지 비교하고 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해, 한국과 중국, 미국, 베트남, 홍콩, 일본, 대만에 대한 수출입 관련 자료를 2000년 1월부터 2018년 2월까지 총 218개 월간자료를 이용하였다. 지난 19년 동안 한국의 대 베트남 수출이 급속히 증가하면서 한국의 대 세계 수출을 주도한 것으로 판단되었다. 한국의 대 베트남 수출은 한국의 대 세계 수출에 비해 10배 가까운 상승률을 보이면서, 베트남은 한국의 주요 수출 상대국으로 성장하였다. 향후 한국 경제 발전과 수출의 지속적인 성장을 위해서는 과거 중국 중심의 수출일변도에서 벗어나, 베트남을 비롯한 동남아로의 수출 다변화를 시도할 필요성이 제기된다.