• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2007

This study was to compare some acoustic characteristics of vowels produced by children with cochlear implant (CI) and the children with normal hearing. 20 subjects under ten years old were further classified into two groups (one group of CI children under four years old and the other group of CI children over four years old). For the normal hearing group, 20 subjects are participated in the experiment. Some acoustic parameters including fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies (F1, F2) were measured in the two groups according to the age of cochlear implant operation. For the CI group, three comer vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/) were recorded five times in isolation and analyzed with Multi-Speech (Kay Elemetrics, model 3700), and two independent t-tests on their formant data were conducted using SPSS 11.5. The result showed that the implanted group over four years had a significant difference in F0 and F1 comparing with the implanted group under four years of age as well as the normal hearing group. Those values of the children with the implanted group under four years old were closer to those of the children with the normal hearing. As to the F2, there was no significant difference among implanted groups. However, it was shown that the vowel space for the implanted groups regardless the operation age indicated much smaller than that for the normal hearing children. This acoustic results suggest that CI surgery would be much more effective if it is done under the age of four years old.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare health locus of control with health-promoting behaviors according to elementary school children's degree of obesity, and to analyze correlations between two variables. Methods: Three hundreds and sixty three elementary school children were participated from three elementary schools in Seoul. Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (HLOC) scale and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) were used. Results: Obese children was 16.8% of all research subjects. Internal HLOC in over weight group was higher than normal weight group (F=3.611, p=.014). Chance HLOC in under weight group was higher than other groups (F=3.553, p=.015). External HLOC in over weight and obesity group was higher than normal weight group (F=3.553, p=.015). Correlations between HLOC in internal and external and health-promoting behaviors were significant (r=.347, p<001; r=.207, p<001). Also, children who did not have siblings and have obese parents showed higher rate of obesity, and lack of sleeping time tend to be related to obesity. Conclusion: External HLOC of obesity children is higher than that of normal weight children. Meanwhile, obese children with higher internal HLOC were good at doing health-promoting behaviors. Therefore, if obese children are trained for internal health control, it can lead to their health-promoting behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1994

This paper investigated children's learning process concerning age and gender, two of the most apparent social roles. The subjects of the study were 72 Korean preschool children between three to five years of age. The Study was designed to examine problems of developmental sequence and horizontal decalage in understanding of these social roles. Two five-step knowledge sequences of age growth and sex constancy were administered utilizing skill theory (Fischer, 1980). Each step in a sequence had different stories of age or sex role with increasing cognitive complexity, but the two sequences were equivalent in complexity. The children were tested under two different assessment conditions:high support condition of elicited imitation and low support condition of free play and the best story. The findings show that, the understanding of age and sex roles develops through the predicted five-step sequences. The understanding of age role seems to develop earlier than that of sex role although the developmental patterns of the two roles are similar. Variations in the children's performances under different conditions were dramatic, especially for the older children.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.515-521
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of children under the government-funded meal support program. The 143 children (67 boys and 76 girls) participated in this study among $4^{th}-6^{th}$ elementary school students receiving free lunches during the summer vacation of 2007 and living in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. The subjects consisted of four groups supported by Meal Box Delivery (n = 26), Institutional Foodservice (n = 53), Restaurant Foodservice (n = 27), or Food Delivery (n = 37). A three-day 24-hour dietary recall and a self-administered survey were conducted. In addition, the children's heights and weights were measured. The average energy intake of the children was 1,400 kcal per day, much lower than the Estimated Energy Requirements of the pertinent age groups. The results also showed inadequate intake of all examined nutrients; of particular concern was the extremely low intake of calcium. On average, the children consumed eight dishes and 25 food items per day. The children supported by Meal Box Delivery consumed more various dishes and food items than the other groups. The percentage of children preferring their current meal support method was the highest in those supported by Meal Box Delivery and the lowest in those supported by Food Delivery. We requested 15 children among the 143 children participating in the survey to draw the scene of their lunch time. The drawings of the children supported by Institutional Foodservice showed more positive scenes than the other groups, especially in terms of human aspects. In conclusion, the overall diet of children under the government-funded meal support program was nutritionally inadequate, although the magnitude of the problems tended to differ by the meal support method. The results could be utilized as basic data for policy and programs regarding the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2007

This study investigates the voice quality including F0, jitter, shimmer, and NHR for the children with cochlear implant (CI group) and those with normal hearing (NH group). The CI group was further classified two sub-groups depending upon the time of surgery (i.e. under four years vs. over four years). Three corner vowels (e.g. /a/, /i/, /u/) with extended vocalization were used and analyzed with Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (Kay Elemetrics, Model 4300). The statistics were made in two independent sample t-test with SPSS 11.5. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) The children with cochlear implanted before 4 years of age had very similar data with the NH group except for the vowel /a/. (2) The children with cochlear implanted after 4 years of age, however, indicated significant differences in Fo (/a/, /i/, /u/), Jitter (/e/), shimmer (/a/, /i/, /u/) and NHR(/a/) in all three vowels. It is concluded that the early CI surgery and the early intervention would be very important to maintain better voice quality.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine mothers' ideal and actual parenting behaviors toward their infants in three parenting domains; social, didactic, and limit setting. A total of 264 mothers of young children under age three from Seoul, Korea completed Parental Style Questionnaires (PSQ). Mothers' self report on their ideal and actual parenting were explored as a function of child sex, age, and birth order. As expected, there were significant differences between mothers' ideal and actual behaviors in all three parenting domains: Mothers' ideal behaviors such as social interaction, didactic interaction and limit setting were higher than those of their actual behaviors. For mothers' ideal parenting, results revealed neither significant main effects nor interaction effects. However, the Parenting Domain x Birth-Order 2-way interaction and the Parenting Domain x Child Age 2-way interaction were significant for mothers' actual behaviors. Specifically, mothers reported more social and didactic behaviors with their first-born than later born children, but not for limit setting behavior. It was also found that higher limit setting behaviors were apparent for their 2- and 3-year-old than 1-year old children whereas lower social interactions were found for 3-year-old than for 1-year-old. In light of universality and uniqueness, mothers' parenting behavior toward young children has been discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1974

The social understanding of the rehabilitation and welfare work for the handicapped children is nearly devoid in Korea. Especially the medical rehabilitation or nursing for them is left ign. ored as well as the literature preferential to this study is wanted. For the purpose of conducting the study of this thesis Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center, Inc. and Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical center sampled out; covering three months from Aug. 1 to Oct. 30, 1973, the problems of children's rehabilitation, the characteristics of the children, the medical rehabilitation, nursing, education, and vocational rehabilitation were interviewed and widely grasped. This thesis aimed at developing the rehabilitation, the professional nursing and especially aimed at contributing to the improvement of welfare for the handicapped by analysing, observing the result of this study. The result is as follows: 1. Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center, Inc. has, since its establishment, contributed to the advancement of the crippled children and its purpose consists in implementing services, medical rehabilitation, nursing, education and vocational training. Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center is, being based on Christianity, aiming at the medical treatment and education for the crippled children. 2. All of the children admitted in the children's rehabilitation centers are the crippled children. The ratio of boys io girls is three to two. Boys are more than girls. Orphan formed 55.2 per sent of them. About 60 per cent of them is receiving medical attention free of charge. But there is no orphan in Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center. 3. 15.7 per cent of them have received the previous medical attention before their admitting in the centers; in Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center 8.6 percent, Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center 50 percent; there is remarkable difference between the two. 4. On the standpoint of period of being in the centers, the children who have been over three years in Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center formed 48.7 per cent; in Crippled Children's Center, Yonsei University Medical Center 2.6 percent; there is also considerable difference between the two; they couldn't discharge from the centers owing to the economic conditions and being orphan. 5. Among the diagnosis of the crippled children, poliomyelitis formed highest 51.7 percent of them ; cerebral palsy formed 30 percent secondly in order. Environmental factors (67.8 percent formed about three times of congenital factors (23.7 percent). 6. The children who are capable of doing independently activity of daily living formed 87.9 percent; 73.2 percent can walk about 300 m by wearing brace and so on. The ratio of wearing brace or leg prosthesis formed 47.4 per cent: crutch 44.3 per cent. The medical rehabilitation service and education for the crippled, are comparatively well carried out. But it is desired to improve and cultivate the vocational training, vocational guidance and special nursing to the insufficiency of their implementation. In the tendency that the rehabilitation and welfare for the handicapped are today emphasized, International Handicapped Rehabilitation Association, declaring that 1970s are the decade of rehabilitation, urged to improve positively the policy of rehabilitation and welfare for the handicapped. But here in korea the handicapped, being the object of social prejudice, ignorance, disdain lives in obscurity. Therefore the government or the community should draw up countermeasure on social under-standing, financial support, and rehabilitation services for the handicapped as well as should endeavor to make them participate in social activities as the productive total- person though they are physically imperfect.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.101-115
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• 1998

The present study was designed to assess the effect of relationship on children's distributive justice reasoning. 259 kindergarten, second-grade, and fifth-grade children were asked to allocate 9,000 Won to 3 characters under three different relationship conditions (strangers, peers, and siblings), provide rationales for those allocations, and rate the fairness of 4 different patterns of allocation. Older children were sensitive to relationship information such as allocation of more money to productive rather than to needy or older strangers, more to needy friends than to productive or older friends, and more to older than to a productive sibling. However, young children relied on only one principle, equality, across the relationship conditions. Kindergartners viewed allocations based on age entitlement as fairer than older children did, whereas both groups of older children rewarded individuals based on equality in stranger, equality and need in peer, and equality and equity in sibling relationships.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.41-52
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• 2017

This study investigates the waiting and resting behaviors of children within a restorative healthcare facility design. In particular, the aim is to compare children with and without disabilities and reveal similarities and differences in terms of their behavioral characteristics and uses of design facilities, related to positive distraction, for restoration in the hospital. Three major common spaces for outpatients in S children's hospital in Seoul were examined including the main lobby and two waiting and resting spaces in the pediatric and rehabilitation medicine departments, respectively. A total of 155 children under the age of 12-67 with physical disabilities and 88 without-were observed while they waited and rested at the three spaces before or after doctors' examination. Basic demographic information and waiting and resting behavioral characteristics were compared between the two groups. The results indicated that the disabled children were more restricted in terms of space, facilities used, and social behaviors. However, regardless of disabilities, the children showed more positive distractions related to cognitive and social behaviors in areas where restorative design elements such as an aquarium, garden, or visual images were available. Based on the results, design implications were discussed to strengthen positive distraction behaviors in children with and without disabilities and to foster the restorative quality of the spaces for waiting and resting in the children's hospital.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.532-541
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• 2007

This paper investigates children's comprehension and production of demonstrative pronouns (DPs), 'zhege' (this) and 'nage' (that), in Mandarin Chinese. Subjects are children of ages three, four, five and six. Based on the results of the present experiment, children's developmental stages and the corresponding age grading are provided. Also, the present study incorporates a physical clue into the experiment. The result suggests that in the acquisition of deixis children rely highly on physical context to work out the meaning distinction. In addition, Piaget's egocentrism hypothesis and H. Clark's marking hypothesis are examined in the study. The result seems to support the egocentrism hypothesis. Subjects under the age of six do fail to shift the deictic center when they and the experimenter have a different perspective. As for the marking hypothesis, the study seems to challenge the hypothesis. The result shows that children actually performed better on the marked term 'zhege' than the unmarked member 'nage'.