• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the long term effects of breast feeding on growth, bone development and nutrient intakes in preschool children. Subjects were 62 preschool children. Anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density of carpus were measured using DEXA. The questionnaire was composed of health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by the children's mothers. The average age of the boys was 62.4 months and that of the girls was 62.1 months. Average birth height and weight of the subjects was 50.9 cm and 3.4 kg for boys and 50.3 cm and 3.3 kg for girls, respectively. The average height, weight, $\%$ body fat, and obesity index were 111.7 cm, 19.6 kg, $15.0\%$, $-2.1\%$ in boys and 109.4 em, 18.7 kg, $17.5\%$, $0.2\%$ in girls, respectively. Forty children were fed colostrum, 21 were fed breast milk, 29 were fed formula, and 12 were fed mixed milk. There was no significant difference in growth status between children who were fed colostrum and those who were not. Children who had mixed feedings were significantly taller than those who did not (p <0.001), and children who had colostrum had significantly higher bone mineral density than those who did not ($0.25 \pm 0.04 g/ cm^2$ vs. $0.23 \pm 0.04 g/cm^2$, p < 0.05). However, the different feeding methods did not show any difference in bone mineral density. Except vitamin $B_6$, folic acid and vitamin E, vitamin, mineral and calorie intakes did not meet the Korean RDAs. Calcium intake was especially lower than recommendations by as much as $62\%$ and $70\%$ in boys and girls, respectively. There was no significant difference in nutrient intakes between children who had colostrum and those who did not. However, children who were formula consumed significantly more animal fat than those who did not (p < 0.05). Neonatal feeding and breast or formula feeding seems to associate with height, bone mineral density and animal fat intakes in preschool children, based on the results of this study. A longitudinal study is needed to clarify this relationship.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1998년도 제50차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.333-334
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• 1998

• 정신신체의학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1995

비만환자들의 정신역동과 정신분석치료의 기법을 문헌 고찰하였다. 비만의 원인은 구강기 고착과 충동조절을 못하는, 자아와 초자아의 결함에 있었다. 비만환자들은 사랑의 상실에 의한 고통을 해결하는 방법으로 음식을 사용한다. 먹음으로 자신을 달래주고(self-soothing), 대리만족을 취한다. 부모의 양육태도가 문제인데, 비만아의 부모는 아이를 통하여 자신의 욕망을 이루려는 분들이어서 지배적이고 음식을 강요하며 어린이의 성취에 대한 기재가 높다. 어린이에게 따뜻한 보살핌이 필요할 때에도 부모의 목표가 더 우선되기 때문에 어린이는 늘 욕구불만에 빠지게 된다. 가정에서 어린이에게 사랑이 필요할 때마다 사랑 대신에 음식을 먹이는 부모였다. 그래서 성장후에 사회적 좌절을 당하면 음식에서 위로를 받고, 음식을 씹음으로 공격욕구도 발산한다(Stunkard, 1985). 또한 비만환자의 부모는 정상적인 부모역할을 전반적으로 소홀히 하는 편이었다. 절제를 가르치지 못하는 부모였다. 그것은 부모 자신의 초자아에 문제가 있어서 요구할 것을 요구하지 못하기 때문이기도 했고, 특별히 어떤 자식을 유난히 무관심 속에 방치해 두어서 비만을 만들기도 한다(Wilson, 1992). 이처럼 비만환자들은 전에디푸스기에 병의 원인(preoedipal pathology)을 가지고 있기 때문에 이런 갈등을 가지고 있는 환자들을 치료할 때는 언제나 그렇듯이 분석가는 좀더 적극적인 해석을 해주어야 한다. 또한 전이대상만으로는 안되고, 이에 추가하여 아이를 잘 키우는 새로운 대상(new and different object)이 되어 줘야한다(Wilson 1989). 비만환자들의 거구를 대하면서 치료자들은 위축되는 역전이에 빠질 수가 있다는 것도 염두에 두어야 한다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.492-499
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association of dietary patterns with overweight risk and all-cause mortality in pediatric cancer patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Prospective cohort study was undertaken; 83 cancer patients admitted to the pediatric cancer ward at a university hospital in Seoul were included and followed for obesity and death over 24 months. Food consumption data were collected from patients using validated meal order sheets for breakfast, lunch, and dinner at the pediatric cancer ward over 3 days. Using principal component analysis, three dietary patterns were derived from 29 food groups. RESULTS: Eighteen deaths occurred among the patient cohort during the follow-up period. The "spicy & fried meat and fish" dietary pattern was positively associated with overweight risk at both baseline [odds ratio (OR) = 4.396, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.111-17.385, P for trend = 0.023] and after 6 months (OR = 4.088, 95% CI = 1.122-14.896, P for trend = 0.025) as well as all-cause mortality (hazard ratios = 5.124, 95% CI = 1.080-24.320, P for trend = 0.042), when comparing the highest and lowest tertiles after adjusting for covariates. The "fish, egg, meat, and fruits & vegetables" dietary pattern was associated with lower overweight risk after 24 months (OR = 0.157, 95% CI = 0.046-0.982, P for trend = 0.084). CONCLUSION: The results imply that dietary patterns might be associated with weight gain and premature death among pediatric cancer patients.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2004

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of flat foot in the 1st grade primary school children in the Kang-Dong Gu, Seoul, Korea. Materials and Methods: We examined 1336 8 year old the first grade children (2672 feet) in primary school at 5 primary school for prevalence of flat foot and the associating factors in Kang-Dong Gu in April 2003. The group was examined with 2 mm-pannel in physical examination at erect position to put diagnosis of flat foot which showed no plantar arch. The height, weight, foot length and foot width were estimated in all children. We used obesity grading system of Korean Pediatric Association for overweight evaluation. Results: We enrolled 728 boys and 608 girls, and prevalences of each gender were 20.8% and 14.9%. The children who had flat foot were 243 and the prevalence of flat foot was 18.2%. The foot length ranges between 152 mm and 300 mm (mean value 183.6 mm, SD 10.6), and the foot width were between 50 mm and 107 mm (mean value 2.16 mm, SD 4.8). Of the 1336 children group, 1215 children (90.0%) were in range of normal weight, 72 children (5.4%) were in grade-1 overweight, 38 (2.8%) were in grade-2 overweigh and, 11 (0.8%) were in grade-3 overweight. The prevalence of flat foot of each overweight group were 16.3%, 34.7%, 39.5% and 45.5%. Overweight in children effected increased prevalence of flat foot. But there were no significant relationship with flat foot in other factors. Conclusion: Over all prevalence of flat foot of 8 year old children was 18.2% and most of patients were flexible flat foot. The prevalence of flat foot was influenced by overweight remarkably.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2006

목 적: 연구자는 adipocytokine의 일종인 leptin, adiponectin과 leptin/adiponectin 비를 이용하여 비만아에서 신체 계측치와 인슐린, 지질 농도와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 2005년 1월부터 2005년 6월까지 조선대학교병원 소아과에 방문한 BMI 95백분위수 이상인 7~15세 사이의 비만군 25명(남: 20명, 여: 5명)과 정상 체중 아동인 대조군 25명(남: 20명, 여: 5명)을 대상으로 하였다. 신체 계측(신장, 체중, 팔둘레, 피부주름두께, 체지방률)을 시행하고 공복상태에서 채혈하여 adiponectin, leptin과 혈당, 인슐린, 지질 농도를 측정하였다. 통계는 Student t-test와 Pearson's correlation coefficient 분석법을 이용하였다. 결 과: 비만군에서 대조군에 비해 체질량 지수, 체지방률, 팔둘레, 삼두박근 피부주름두께 및 견갑골하 피부주름두께가 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았고, 인슐린 농도($17.9{\pm}15.6{\mu}U/mL$ vs $6.5{\pm}2.7{\mu}U/mL$, p<0.05)는 유의하게 높았으며 고밀도 지질 단백 콜레스테롤($50.0{\pm}12.4mg/dL$ vs $68.9{\pm}15.9mg/dL$, p<0.005)은 유의하게 낮았다. Leptin은 비만군에서 $10.6{\pm}5.1ng/mL$로 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았고(p<0.001), adiponectin은 비만군에서 $2.85{\pm}0.7{\mu}g/mL$로 유의하게 낮았다.(p<0.05). 비만군에서 leptin은 체질량지수, 체지방률과 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였고 adiponectin은 체질량지수, 체지방률과 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 대조군에서 leptin은 유의한 상관관계를 보인 인자가 없었으나, adiponectin은 인슐린과 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다. Leptin/adiponectin 비는 비만군에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았고($4.03{\pm}2.8$ vs $1.53{\pm}0.74$, p<0.01), 비만군에서는 체지방률, leptin과 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었으나 대조군에서는 체질량지수 및 체지방률과 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 결 론: 소아비만에서 leptin과 adiponectin은 비만지표들과 유의한 연관성이 있었음에도 불구하고, 대사장애를 나타내는 인자들과는 연관성이 없었다. Leptin/adiponectin 비는 비만군에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았고, 비만군뿐만 아니라 대조군에서도 비만지표들과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

This study was designed to evaluate the nutritional status and dietary problems of obese elementary students consuming unbalanced diets. Blood parameters, body-image perceptions, taste preferences, and nutrient intakes of 40 obese elementary students with unbalanced diets were compared to those of 40 additional obese elementary students as a control. The averages for age, height, weight, and obesity index were 11.5 years, 142.0 cm, 51.0 kg, and 35.4% in the study group and 11.8 years, 144.0 cm, 53.5 kg, and 36.3% in the control group, respectively. The major disliked foods by the students in the study group were vegetables (65%) particularly Kimchi (15%), as well as fish(15%), and pulses (10%). Mean serum cholesterol, blood glucose, GOT/GPT, and hemoglobin levels were 175.1 mg/dL, 89.2 mg/dL, 24.1/18.9 IU/L, and 14.3 g/dL in the study group and 182.8 mg/dL, 91.3 mg/dL, 28.3/33.9 IU/L, and 14.7 g/dL, in the control group, respectively. Approximately 60${\sim}$80% of the subjects responded that they eat a meal everyday, and the remainder skipped at least one meal. The preference for salty tasting foods was significantly lower in the study group, but the preference for hot tasting food was higher as compared to the obese control group(p<0.05, p<0.05). The daily energy intakes of the study and control groups were 1,768.3 kcal and 1,572.7 kcal, respectively, but there was no significant differences between them. Daily intakes of animal protein, fat, animal fat, and vitamin $B_2$ were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. In conclusion, this study found that obese children consuming unbalanced diets strongly disliked vegetables, particularly Kimchi, as well as hot tasting foods; however, they preferred salty foods. Daily intakes of animal protein and fat were higher in the study group as compared to obese children not consuming unbalanced diets.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.479-491
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: One ongoing effort to curtail dyslipidemia in school children is through lifestyle intervention. This study analyzes outcomes of the intervention of nutrition education and Javanese traditional game-based physical activity, on lipid profiles of overweight and obese children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The experimental study consisted of three steps: data collection (October to December 2016), intervention processes (January to March 2017), and final report preparation (April to May 2017). This was a split-plot block study, enrolling a total of 72 subjects. Traditional game intervention (12 meetings) and nutrition education (9 meetings) was carried out within 3 months with material related to obesity. RESULTS: Our results showed no decrease in the levels of total cholesterol in the group receiving nutrition education (rise by 1.56 mg/dL), but when compared to subjects without intervention, total cholesterol levels experienced was increased. The group which did not receive physical activity showed increase in the total cholesterol, whereas the traditional game intervention group showed a decrease of 0.05 mg/dL total cholesterol at the end of the intervention. Nutrition education and physical activity interventions did not influence any reduction in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, but rather showed a tendency to increase at the end of the intervention. However, the increase in LDL-c levels in the traditional game group was lower than in other intervention groups. Duncan's test indicated that the effect of nutrition education and physical activity interventions did not differ from the cut-off values of LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the traditional game group tended to decrease at the end of the intervention, but the results did not differ much from other intervention groups. We deduce that nutrition education and traditional game-based physical activity interventions are not capable of improving blood lipid profiles in overweight and obese children within 3 months. It is necessary to increase the time of physical activity intervention to maintain the lipid profile in another study.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2023

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight status and sleep duration on the discrete-time hazard of menarche in Korean schoolgirls using multiple-point prospective panel data. Methods: The study included 914 girls in the 2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Study who were in the elementary first-grader panel from 2010 until 2016. We used a Gompertz regression model to estimate the effects of weight status based on age-specific and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentile and sleep duration on an early schoolchild's conditional probability of menarche during a given time interval using general health condition and annual household income as covariates. Results: Gompertz regression of time to menarche data collected from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Study 2010 suggested that being overweight or sleeping less than the recommended duration was related to an increased hazard of menarche compared to being average weight and sleeping 9 hours to 11 hours, by 1.63 times and 1.38 times, respectively, while other covariates were fixed. In contrast, being underweight was associated with a 66% lower discrete-time hazard of menarche. Conclusions: Weight status based on BMI percentiles and sleep duration in the early school years affect the hazard of menarche.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2006

Objectives: We wanted to determine the distribution of the clustering of the metabolic risk factors and we wanted to evaluate the related factors in young schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study of metabolic syndrome was conducted in an elementary school in Seoul, Korea. We evaluated fasting glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, blood pressures and the body mass index, and we used parent-reported questionnaires to assess the potential risk factors in 261 children (136 boys, 125 girls). We defined the metabolic risk factors as obesity or at risk for obesity ($\geqq$ 85th percentile for age and gender), a systolic or diastolic blood pressure at $\geqq90th$ percentile for age and gender, fasting glucose at $\geqq110mg/dl$, triglyceride at $\geqq110mg/dl$ and HDL cholesterol at $\leqq40mg/dl$. Results: There were 15.7% of the subjects who showed clustering of two or more metabolic risk factors, 2.3% of the subjects who showed clustering for three or more risk factors, and 0.8% of the subjects who showed clustering for four or more risk factors. A multivariate analysis revealed that a father smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day, a mother with a body mass index of = $25kg/m^2$, and the child eating precooked or frozen food more than once per day were associated with clustering of two or more components, with the odds ratios of 3.61 (95% CI=1.24-10.48), 5.50 (95% CI=1.39-21.73) and 8.04 (95% CI=1.67-38.81), respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that clustering of the metabolic risk factors is present in young schoolchildren in Korea, with the clustering being associated with parental smoking and obesity as well as the child's eating behavior. These results suggest that evaluation of metabolic risk factors and intervention for lifestyle factors may be needed in both young Korean children and their parents.