• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.737-745
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to develop a community based participatory obesity control program and measure the effects of the program on obesity, exercise habit, eating habit and life habits among obese elementary school children. The community based participatory obesity control program was provided for the experimental group of $4^{th}$ grade elementary school students for 10 weeks. The program included obesity related health educations and counseling once a week, jump rope classes twice a week and folk game classes held once a week. Method: There were 24 students with obesity in the experimental and 27 in the control groups. The collected data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ${\chi}^2$-test, independent t-test and repeated measure ANOVA. Results: After 10weeks of participation in the program, the experimental group showed significantly lower Body Mass Index (p<.001) and waist hip ratio (p=.036), significantly higher exercise habit (p=.004), eating habit (p=.003) and life habit (p=.001) than those in the control group. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that community based participatory obesity management program is effective nursing intervention for managing child obesity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.405-416
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• 2007

This study was to examine the needs among elementary school dietitians (n = 115) for developing a nutrition information internet site for children. A survey questionnaire included general characteristics, internet use regarding health and nutrition information, and needs for developing a nutrition information site. The mean age of the subjects was 36.2 years. The higher working experience group (> 10 years of working as dieticians) had higher mean age (p < 0.001), had a larger number of enrolled students at school (p < 0.01) and the number of those receiving school lunch (p < 0.01) than the counterparts (${\le}10$ years group). Sources of health and nutrition information were mainly PC/internet (60.4%) and seminar (14.4%). About 95% used health or nutrition information using the internet, however, the majority of users (71.6%) used internet information only when they needed it. Major reasons for using internet information was 'to get nutrition education materials' (63.8%) and 'to obtain general nutrition information' (21%). One third of the subjects were satisfied with nutrition information internet sites; major problems with internet sites were 'lack of content' (38.9%) and 'lack of practical information' (33%). These characteristics regarding internet use were not different between work experience groups. Major problems with nutrition education were 'lack of nutrition educational materials' (41.1 %) and 'lack of nutrition education skills' (32.1%). These were significantly different between the work experience groups (p < 0.01). Subjects preferred CD/internet to leaflet/booklet as nutrition educational materials. In developing nutrition sites for children, subjects wanted topics such as obesity assessment, dietary assessment, and obesity. Subjects responded that contents of nutrition information should be 'suitable to the children's knowledge levels' (31.1%), 'interesting enough by including quizzes, games and songs' (27.8%), 'inserting many illustrations/icons' (16.3%). In terms of designing internet sites for children, they wanted that internet sites should 'be easy enough to find the sites' (29.2%), 'use illustrations and characters' (24.8%), 'use communication channels such as Q&A' (18.7%). Needs for developing internet sites for children were not different by the work experience group. This study suggests that web sites for children should be carefully developed considering the contents and design, have less information with more illustrations, designed to induce the interest of children, as well as including sections such as eating habit assessment and games.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the parents' awareness on the oriental medical treatment and their expectation on children's growth. Methods: The survey was conducted on 78 Health Kids Fair visitors, and 87 children's height and weight were measured in this study. Results: 1. Compare to other treatment, 62.82% of the parents responded that herbal medicine is relatively effective in treating weakness, followed by 'Allergic disease'(46.15%) 'Growth disturbance'(26.92%) 'Obesity'(26.92%) 'Respiratory disease'(26.92%) 'Digestive disease'(19.23%) 'Precocious puberty'(8.97%) 'Neurologic & psychologic disease'(6.41%) 'Urogenital disease'(3.85%). 2. Parents recognize that 'Oriental medicine have an effect on children's height mostly'(25.64%) 'Oriental medicine have an effect on children's height partially'(64.10%) 'Oriental medicine have no effect on children's height'(10.26%) 25.64% of the parents responded that herbal medicine would be helpful in increasing height, 64.10% of the parents said they would be helpful to the certain extent, and 10.26% said they would not play any roles. 3. Expected average weight, height, and BMI score for the boys were 71.8kg, 179.6cm and 22.10. For the girls, however, they were 53.4kg, 168.7, and 18.74. 4. Survey on parents' awareness on benefits of different treatments for challenged growth, Herbal medicine'(48.72%) 'Acupuncture'(7.69%), 'Moxibustion'(3.85%), 'Electronic acupuncture and Aqua acupuncture'(1.28%), 'Massage on acupuncture point'(19.23%), 'Consultation of eating habits'(61.54%), 'Consultation of exercise'(47.44%) were measured. Conclusions: Considering the collected results, we realized that the parents' expected height on their children was, in fact, higher than the standard height. In addition, for treatments for their children's growth improvement, parents expected that 'Herbal madicine' 'Massage on acupuncture point' 'Consultation of eating habits' 'Consultation of exercise would be beneficial.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.345-355
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• 1995

This study estimated the status of dietary intake of 258 children from ages 3 to 6 living in Seoul and analyzed the correlation between the degree of children's nutrition awareness and dietary intake, to provide some basic informations on nutrition education program for their health promotion. Average height and weight of the children were 110.5 cm and 19.7 kg. And their body mass index was 16.2 and obesity index was 6.5%. Proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat to the total calorie intakes were on the average 55.8%, 15.6% and 28.6%. Calorie intake proportion of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack were 20.9%, 21.9%, 22.3% and 34.9%. In protein intake, proportion of animal and vegetable protein was 1.4, in fat intake pattern, P/M/S ratio was 1.2/1.2/1.0. As a consequence of analyzing the correlation between children's nutrition awareness and dietary intake, children of high awareness degree to the food value did not intake much calorie and carbohydrate, and did not choose cereals and starches, condensed fat food. As a result, dietary intake of pre-school children showed very good but partially showed a problem of over and under nutrition in quantity or in quality we hope that the result of this study could be helpful for the nutrition education program for the health and nutrition of the pre-school children.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.644-652
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• 2007

In this study, we examined family history of chronic diseases, food group intake and physical activity in $5^{th}\;and\; 6^{th}$ grade elementary school children. Food group intake was compared with the KDRI food guides for children. The measurements of daily physical activity, television viewing, computer use, and daily servings of five food groups, including grains, meats, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, were based on child and parent self-reports. As indices of obesity, the obesity index(%) and BMI(Body Mass Index) were used. The results were as follows. In boys, 83.2% were normal weight with 7.4% slightly obese, 7.4% moderately obese, and 2.0 were highly obese while the percentages of normal and slightly obese in girls were 89.9% and 6.2% respectively (p<0.05). The boys had more hours of daily physical activity(p<0.05) and more hours of computer usage(Internet searching or games)(p<0.05) than the girls. Slightly over 50% of the subjects met the daily recommended servings of grains, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables according to the KDRI food guides. However, only 26% of boys and 27% of girls met the recommended daily servings of protein foods such as meats, beans, and eggs. Thirty two percent(32%) of girls consumed high fat snacks everyday while 32% consumed high sugar snacks every day. The girls consumed more vegetables(p<0.05) and more high sugar snacks(p<0.05) than the boys. The children with family histories of obesity showed greater obesity rates(p<0.05) and sedentary lifestyles(p< 0.05) than those children without a family history of obesity. Children with family histories of high blood pressure consumed more sewings of vegetables and high fat snacks than the controls(p<0.05). The children with family histories of obesity consumed more high sugar or high fat snacks than the controls(p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.286-292
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the effects of an 8-week weight loss program, on body composition, body shape satisfaction, body shape esteem in 15 obese children. This program included nutritional education and regular physical fitness. After completion of this program, height and body weight increased slightly but body compositions changed. BMI, degree of obesity, and body fat levels dropped slightly, however these differences were not significant. After the 8-week program body weight increased from $63.61{\pm}8.80\;kg$ to $64.07{\pm}9.11\;kg$, degree of obesity and BMI decreased from $151.73{\pm}13.62%$, and $29.08{\pm}2.35$ to $146.60{\pm}12.92%$, and $28.57{\pm}2.26$, respectively, and the percentage of body fat decreased slightly from $42.70{\pm}4.87%$ to $41.46{\pm}4.88%$. There were slight changes in weight of body muscle and lean body mass from $19.62{\pm}3.48\;kg$ and $36.17{\pm}5.78\;kg$ to $20.30{\pm}3.64\;kg$ and $37.16{\pm}6.18\;kg$, respectively. LBM and amount of muscle were higher after this weight loss program. The body shape esteem score increased from $7.60{\pm}4.01$ to $9.00{\pm}6.20$. There was no significant difference in body shape satisfaction before and after the program, and the participants also wanted to be leaner. Finally, body weight, BMI, and body fat showed negative correlations to body shape esteem.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to regulate the percentile of body fat percentage by Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis (BIA) in order to detect overweight and obesity in preschool children. Methods 1301 three to six year old children's height, weight, and body fat percentage using BIA was measured. Results: The percent of the boys with 85th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 22.3%(3years), 23.4%(3.5years), 23.9%(4years), 24.8%(4.5years), 22.8%(5years), 24.6%(5.5years) and 23.8%(6years). The percent of the girls with 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 24.9%(3years), 27.5%(3.5years), 27.3%(4years), 28.6%(4.5years), 28.1%(5years), 33.3%(5.5years) and 32.7%(6years). For the girls, the percent of girls with 85th percentiles of body fat percentage were 23.3%(3years), 24.4%(3.5years), 23.6%(4years), 23.7%(4.5years), 24.7%(5years), 26.0%(5.5years) and 28.1%(6years). And the 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 28.6%(3years), 27.3%(3.5years), 25.4%(4years), 28.0%(4.5years), 31.7%(5years), 33.5%(5.5years) and 36.4%(6years). Conclusions: The 85th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as overweight and the 95th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as obesity were accord with the Body Mass Index (BMI) criteria by the Korean pediatrics society in 2007.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.487-493
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to investigate the progress of obesity in women from childhood to adulthood and to analyze the characteristics of obese figures through comparing their body proportions to normal-weight people, to provide a basic reference for development of new size categories and improved pattern grading. Body measurement was made on 6,704 women age between 7-39 in Sizekorea 2004 database. The age range was divided into three groups: children(7-12), teenagers(13-18) and adults(19-39). The result of research into the characteristics of body proportions of obese figures and the classification of different figure groups of obese people are as follows: The ratio between width and circumference for each part of the body was investigated according to body weight which was grouped into three different weights of low, normal and obese body weights. And the result demonstrated that in all the ranges of age, the obese groups had the lowest ratio between width and circumference, having a thick body shape. And according to the result of comparing the ratio of the circumference of each body part divided by the waist circumference, the obese group also showed a low ratio, indicating that they have bigger waist circumference than any other body parts. By analyzing the ratio of circumference of body parts divided by waist circumference, three factors were identified as contributing to obesity. Using the factor loadings of the upper, distal and lower body obesity, a cluster analysis was carried out and three different categories of obesity were defined; abdominal obesity, distal obesity and proximal obesity.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.62-64
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• 2014

Gallbladder stones in children are not common without underlying hemolytic diseases or other risk factors like obesity. Ceftriaxone, a third generation cephalosporin, is known to make biliary precipitations that can be mistaken for biliary stones. We here report two children with biliary pseudolithiasis with different treatment modalities. One child was mistaken for symptomatic gallbladder stones and underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, while the other child, after thorough history taking on the ceftriaxone medication, was suspected of biliary pseudolithiasis and was treated conservatively. Both children had the history of usage of ceftriaxone in previous hospitals for infectious diseases. The ceftriaxone history of the first child was missed before the surgery. When gallbladder stones are found in children without any underlying diseases, specific history taking of the usage of ceftriaxone seems to be absolutely required. In this case, immediate interruption of the antibiotic could resolve the episode and avoid unnecessary surgical procedure.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.445-453
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• 2020

Purpose: Community child centers (CCCs) were introduced to provide after-school activities and care, including meal services to children from low-income families. The assistant cooks, who have the main responsibility for making and serving food at CCCs, are a major factor influencing the eating habits of children using CCCs. In this study, we tried to identify and understand who the assistant cooks are, what their job responsibilities are, and what they need in order to be able to provide children with healthy meals. Methods: Three focus group interviews were held with 17 workfare program participants who worked as assistant cooks at CCCs, and content analysis methods were applied using the NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software. Results: The assistant cooks reflected on their perceptions of the children's health at the CCCs, their own cooking style, and their role at the CCCs. Additionally, barriers to the optimal provision of their services were pointed out, and improvements were suggested. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used as a fundamental resource for the development of tailored interventions that consider a child's unique environment to address health disparities, specifically with respect to childhood obesity.