• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.191-213
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship pattern among paternal parenting behaviors, father involvement, parenting stress, and parenting self- efficacy. The subjects were 299 fathers of 3 to 4 year-old children at 2 child care centers and 11 kindergartens in Seoul and the Gyunggi-do area. Fathers responded to a modified version of Parenting Daily Hassles(Crinc & Greeberg, 1990), a re vised version of Parenting Sense of Competence(Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978), and questionnaires including questions about parenting behaviors(Park, 2000) and father involvement developed by authors. Stepwise regression analyses showed that fathers' cognitive efficacy of parenting and the frequency of play involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'warmth encouragement'. Also, cognitive efficacy and the frequency and time amount of play involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'setting up the limitations'. Meanwhile, fathers' emotional efficacy and the amount of play time involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'over-protection permission'. Finally, the cognitive and emotional efficacy of rearing and parenting stress significantly explained paternal 'rejection non-intervention'.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 1999

Diaper dermatitis, or commonly called 'diaper rash', is among the most prevalent cutaneous disorders of infancy and early childhood and important issue in nursing. The term itself is not diagnostic since it encompasses a variety of acute inflammatory reactions which are best regarded as a family of disorders arising from a combination of factors specifically attributable to the use of diapers Intensive study of the rash Process has shown that skin wetness and fecal enzyme activity are damaging to skin and lead to the development of diaper rash. This suggests that it is important to keep urine away from babies' skin, so that the skin remains as dry as Possible and maintains its barrier function abilities. Controlling the urine will also minimize the mixing of urine and feces within the diaper. which helps prevent the increased activity of enzymes that attack the skin and cause irritation. Therefore, a diaper that keeps the skin drier and limits the mixing of urine and feces will help Prevent the conditions that lead to diaper rash. Since their introduction about 35 years ago, disposable baby diapers have undergone many design and performance changes. In Particular. the Performance of diapers was advanced by the introduction of absorbent gel materials (AGMs) to Provide advantages in skin care. dryness, and leakage Protection Especially, important was the introduction of AGM which increased the absorbent capacity of the diaper several fold and Yielded marked reductions in the degree of skin hydration occurring under the diaper Studies show not only drier skin but more stable skin pH and less dermatitis with AGM diapers than with home-laundered cloth diapers or single-use diapers without AGM Minimizing diaper area skin wetness is important for managing and Preventing diaper rash. To minimize wetness, parents should use super absorbent diapers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1529-1534
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• 2015

Introduction: Overexposure to sun radiation and particularly its accumulation during childhood and adolescence is a significant risk factor for skin cancer development. The sun burn is particularly important. Aim: To estimate sun burn incidence in young pupils in a coastal area of Greece. Materials and Methods: Two surveys were conducted in a school population in the same district in Greece, over different periods of time, in young people 9 to 18 years old (n=2 977). Anonymous questionnaires were completed. Levels of significance were two-tailed and statistical significance was set at p=0.05. SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: From the individual characteristics of the participants it was shown that the majority of them had dark hair and fair skin, whereas a significant percentage reported the existence of moles on face and their body (83.4% vs 68.1%). The sun burn incidence was high in adolescents and the younger pupils (41.9% vs 55.6%). The younger aged children who were living in an urban area had significantly higher rates of sun burn than those living in semi-urban areas (33.8% vs 24.8%, p=0.020). As far as the knowledge of pupils about the risks of sun radiation it was shown that the elementary school pupils had better knowledge than those at high school. Finally, those with better knowledge had the fewer sun burns (Mean 2.83 SD 0.87, p<0.001). Conclusions: The contribution of knowledge to the decrease of sun burn incidence is important as long as this is continuous. Therefore, the education should concern not only children but also teachers and parents in the context of continuous and systematic programs of health education.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.7
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• pp.388-397
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of the study was to calculate the effective and absorbed organ doses of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in pediatric patient using personal computer-based Monte Carlo (PCXMC) software and to compare them with those measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and anthropomorphic phantom. Materials and Methods: Alphard VEGA CBCT scanner was used for this study. A large field of view (FOV) (20.0 cm × 17.9 cm) was selected because it is a commonly used FOV for orthodontic analyses in pediatric patients. Ionization chamber of dose-area product (DAP) meter was located at the tube side of CBCT scanner. With the clinical exposure settings for a 10-year-old patient, DAP value was measured at the scout and main projection of CBCT. Effective and absorbed organ doses of CBCT at scout and main projection were calculated using PCXMC and PCXMCRotation software respectively. Effective dose and absorbed organ doses were compared with those obtained by TLDs and a 10-year-old child anthropomorphic phantom at the same exposure settings. Results: The effective dose of CBCT calculated by PCXMC software was 292.6 μSv, and that measured using TLD and anthropomorphic phantom was 292.5 μSv. The absorbed doses at the organs largely contributing to effective dose showed the small differences between two methods within the range from -18% to 20%. Conclusion: PCXMC software might be used as an alternative to the TLD measurement method for the effective and absorbed organ dose estimation in CBCT of large FOV in pediatric patients.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.125-137
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the regional ripple effects and residents' perceptions of the West Coast Highway on four regions of Chung-nam province. The data was collected through questionnaire interviews with 400 residents in four regions of the west coast area. After data cleaning, the statistical methods used were confirmative factor and cluster analysis with 309 sampled from four regions of Dangjin, Boryong, Seosan and Taean. The results of this study were as follows. First, it is classified, according to the residents' perceptions against the opening of the West Coast Highway, into four groups. Group A is the people who haven't lived there long and mainly consists of relatively young (30's-40's) males, while Group B is the people with lower incomes and middle-aged males (40's) who have lived there for 11 to 20 years. Group C is mainly the people who are middle-aged housewives in their 40's and who haven't lived there long and with a relatively higher income. Group D is the people who lived for less than five years and had lower incomes than other groups. The results show that their perceptions against the influence of regional development differ demographically from each other. In conclusion, it was determined that most of them were concerned that it, coupled with the construction of the West Coast Highway, would damage the surrounding countryside but believed it would contribute to the growth of the region's economy. Whereas groups A and B seem to acknowledge the necessity of regional development and environmental protection, groups B and D appear to be more content with the tourism development derived from the West Coast Highway and are paying more attention to such plans than other two groups.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2019

Objectives: In this study, we investigated an assessment for exposure levels of hazardous substances to kids cafes that unregulated by law. Methods: Heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, pesticides and phthalate were measured at 20 kids cafes in Gyeonggi-do and Incheon. Samplings were conducted from April to July in 2018. Results: Heavy metals were detected over the standard mainly around the floor and walls in the 19 kids cafes. Pesticides were detected in 7 locations with chlorpyrifos, diazinon and cypermethrin, and showed the highest detection level of chlorpyrifos. The concentrations of DEHP in all kids cafes were exceeded with standard. The risk assessment results showed that HCHO as carcinogen had a safety level and DEHP as non-carcinogens had a safety level as assessed to be under than 0.1. Conclusions: Considering the exposure investigation results and the importance of child health protection, kids cafe should be included in the legal management list of children's activities zones.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1248-1254
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• 2022

Efforts are being made to prevent traffic accidents in the school zone in advance. However, traffic accidents in school zones continue to occur. If the driver can know the situation information in the child protection area in advance, accidents can be reduced. In this paper, we design a camera that eliminates blind spots in school zones and a number recognition camera system that can collect pre-traffic information. It is designed by improving the LIDAR system that recognizes vehicle speed and pedestrians. It collects and processes pedestrian and vehicle image information recognized by cameras and LIDAR, and applies artificial intelligence time series analysis and artificial intelligence algorithms. The artificial intelligence traffic accident prevention system learned by deep learning proposed in this paper provides a forced push service that delivers school zone information to the driver to the mobile device in the vehicle before entering the school zone. In addition, school zone traffic information is provided as an alarm on the LED signboard.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.149-166
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• 2002

In this study, 1 have analyzed the state of the use of information technology by the at-risk children who are residing in Husan metropolitan area. The ultimate goal of this study is to help ensure the healthy development of the children and improve the quality of their lives in this information-oriented society. For this research, 1 surveyed 183 children living in an institution or a low-income family in Busan metropolitan area. The survey questionnaire was designed to obtain information on the respondents, socio-demographic characteristics, computer-related conditions of the immediate and social environments, patterns of computer and Internet use, their experience and degree of so called, Net-generation syndrome, Internet addiction disorder, changes in social and familial life caused by Internet use, and exposure to pornographic materials. The results show that 95.9 % of at-risk children in Husan own a computer, 60.9 % of those computers being Pentium Ⅲ. A majority of the children (74.9 %) are connected to Internet at a high-speed, using such devices as LAN, ADSL or cables. About seventy-six percent of the children have used a PC and Internet less than two years. In other words, a majority of them have not used those for a long period of time. The main results of the research are summarized in the following: There is a significant difference among at-risk children in terms of experiences in computer and Internet use according to their grade levels. There is a gender difference in the amount of time spent on computer and Internet. Boys spend more time every week on computer and Internet than girls do. There is a significant difference in the pattern of computer and Internet use, according to the type of their risk, and grade level. The so-called 'Net Generation Syndrome' is not serious in this group. A majority of the at-risk children think that Internet is more interesting than TV. They hardly shop on Internet, and they don think the advertisements on Internet are a serious problem. Also, unlike many people assumptions, their desire to communicate through on-line chatting was very low. They do not tend to buy computer game programs, and Internet Addiction Disorder was not pronounced among them. The at-risk children rarely had an exposure to pornographic materials in the cyber space. However, the exposure was more frequent for institutionalized children than children in low-income families. These results point to a need for a policy to improve the welfare of at-risk children and guarantee their right to information.