• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.38 no.6 s.373
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• pp.549-557
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• 2000

ㆍPurpose: This study was performed to investigate the initial conservative treatment for TMD patients using careful counselling and medication prospectively. ㆍMaterials and Methods: Careful counselling and medication were performed in 51 TMD patients and 27 patients had follow-up check 2 months or more. Diagnosis of TMD was based on medical history and, physical and radiographic examination. TMD included masticatory disorder, internal derangement, degenerative joint disease, inflammatory joint disorder. and problems resulting from extrinsic trauma. All patients had chief complaints of TMJ pain, mouth-opening limitation. joint noise, and/or referred pain. We counselled and explained to the patient about the pathogenesis, etiologic factors, diagnosis and treatment plan for abut 10 minutes. We prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorv analgesic(Somalgen) and amitriptyline 10mg per day for 2 weeks. We informed the patient of the attention sheet and taught self-exercise of jaw. The patient were assessed by answering the questionnaire of subjective evaluation of TMD & maxillofacial pain. Questionnaire of an activity limitation. Questionnaire of a jaw function, and Questionnaire for the evaluation of TMD. ㆍResults: In questionnaire for the evaluation of TMD, 88.5% of 26 patients answered that the treatment was efficacious. 71.4% of 21 patients answered no problem in everyday life. There were significant differences between pretreatment and final follow-up in the evaluation of the subjective pain in the following sections: opening widely, chewing, resting, morning, masticatory muscle, and temporal portion(SAS program, paired T-test, P = 0.05). ㆍConclusions: Considerate counselling and proper medication could be significantly effectve in the initial treatment of TMD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1219-1227
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• 2000

Rumination behavior, in vivo digestibility of cell wall constituents, particle size reduction in the rumen, and retention time in the digestive tract of sheep were examined using rice and oat straw as roughage sources. The in sacco digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial population and internal adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) content were also determined under feeding conditions of high-roughage and high-concentrate diets. Chewing number and time in rumination behavior were higher with rice straw than with oat straw, while the in sacco and in vivo DMD of rice straw were consistently lower than those of oat straw. Rice straw also showed higher frequency of thinner and longer particles in the rumen contents and lower retention time in the whole digestive tract as compared to those of oat straw. Rice straw was more effective to maintain the ruminal pH than oat straw, being reflected in higher internal ATP content of large-type protozoa on the high- concentrate diet. Changes in the ruminal microflora by shifting from the low- to the high- concentrate diet were also different between rice and oat straw.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1014-1021
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary ground licuri on lamb performance. Methods: Forty male lambs were used in a completely randomized design to test the effects of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg of ground licuri added to diets. The trial lasted for 75 days. Intake, digestibility, physically effective neutral detergent fiber, and chewing activity were estimated. Blood samples were taken on day 45 to determine the concentrations of glucose, urea, non-esterified fatty acids, and triglycerides. Average daily gain (ADG) were determined on the last day of the experimental trial. Results: Licuri inclusion markedly increased dietary neutral detergent fiber and ether extract (EE) content, but it decreased dry matter (DM) intake. However, the intake and digestibility of EE linearly increased. The ADG decreased linearly (p<0.05) with licuri inclusion. Licuri had no effect (p>0.05) on the concentrations of blood metabolites; however, blood urea increased (p<0.05), while serum glucose decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The physically effective fiber of ground licuri is similar to Tyfton hay and licuri inclusion decreases lamb performance due to a decreased in DM intake.

• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19.1-19.5
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• 2018

A majority of the peoples in Indian cities depend on high fat diet, smoking, ghutka chewing and improper sleep, these all are lifestyle changes, can cause ischemic heart disease. Globally, ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading killer. Unani System of medicine not only provides well-based medical cures for diseases, but its holistic approaches as it possess unique principles of diet, lifestyle and particularly therapeutics, to balance and enrich all aspects of physiology and psyche. All diseases are the result of poor management of the six governing (or essential) factors, beyond the ability of physics or Tabiat to maintain and restore homeostasis. In this context, lifestyle diseases can be prevented by conscious changes to the person's diet, behavior and environment. The holistic approach of Unani medicine is well placed to cover the two main pillars of lifestyle diseases, namely, prevention and treatment. In this paper, we report on the prevalence of CAD in patients with known diagnosis of CAD and try to find out its relationship with different lifestyle changes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.185-189
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the immediate biomechanical effects of unilateral mastication for 10 minutes on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with 21 healthy adult participants. Methods: The gum group chewed gum on the right side for 10 minutes, and the control group rested for 10 minutes. Biomechanical data were obtained using a three-dimensional infrared camera before and after intervention. An independent t-test assessed the variation of kinematic data to identify differences between before and after intervention. Results: Among biomechanical variables, the gum group's length of the left forehead middle region and the temporomandibular joint angle decreased compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Caution with unilateral masticatory activity is recommended, as unilateral mastication causes biomechanical changes due to excessive load on the soft tissues of the contralateral TMJ.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.293-304
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the peak electromyographic activity(EMG) and time intervals in firing sequence of Anterior temporalis(TA) and Masseter(MM) on clenching, the number of tender points in the head and neck muscles, the occlusal contact state on clenching, and their relationship. 78 patients with Temporomandibular Disorders(TMDs) participated and were classified into articular or muscular group by clinical signs and symptoms. BioEMG$\textregistered$ of integrated masticatory function analyzer, Biopak$\textregistered$ system(Bioresearch Inc., USA), was used to measure EMG and related items, and T- Scan$\textregistered$(Tekscan, USA), computerized occlusal analyser, was used to record occlusal contact state on maximum voluntary clenching. EMG and occlusal contact were synchronously recorded and analysed with SAS Statistical program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. In total subjects, EMG of TA was lower than that of MM in articular group but in muscular group, vice versa, As a result, the ratio TA to MM was significantly different between the two groups. no significant differece. 3. The number and force of occlusal contact were more in articular group, but there was no significant difference in Total Left-Right statistics(TLR) between the two groups. 4. In unilaterally affected subjects for muscle function, no significant difference was observed between the affected side and the contralateral side in articular group, but in muscular group, the item of the number of tender points showed significant difference. However, for occlusal contact items, contact force in articular group shows significant difference between the two sides. 5. Rate of coincidence of the first firing side of TA with affected side or preferred chewing side was higher and not different between the two groups, but no significant correlation was showed between the first firing side and the first occlusal contact side.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.1 s.33
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• pp.197-221
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• 1991

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences of EMG activity of the masticatory muscles between normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion during various jaw functions. 46 subjects of 18.4-25.7 years were employed in this study: 26 subjects were normal occlusions, and 20 subjects were Class III malocclusions. The EMG data from the anterior and posterior temporal, anterior and posterior masseter muscles in both sides as mandibular elevators and supra-hyoid muscle group (close to the anterior belly of digastric muscle in right side) as mandibular depressor were recorded with the Medelec MS 25 electromyographic machine. The EMG recordings were analyzed during mandibular rest position, maximal biting, mastication with chewing gum, and swallowing of peanuts. All data were recorded and statistically processed. 1. The maximal mean amplitude of the anterior temporal muscle was stronger significantly in Class III malocclusion than in normal occlusion, and then the posterior temporal was weaker during mandibular rest position. 2. The maximal mean amplitudes in the anterior and posterior temporal muscles and the anterior masseter muscle of Class III malocclusion was weaker significantly than that of normal occlusion during maximal biting. 3. During mastication of the chewing gum, the maximal mean amplitudes of Class III malocclusion was weaker significantly than normal occlusion in the anterior and posterior temporal muscles of the working side, and the duration of Class III malocclusion was longer in the anterior temporal muscles of both aides, and the posterior temporal and the anterior masseter muscle of the balancing side. There were significant increasings of the latency in balancing anterior temporal, working posterior temporal muscles and supra-hyoid muscle group of Class III malocclusion. The silent period durations was 16.36 ms in Class III malocclusion while 10.76 ms in normal occlusion, which was statistically different (P < 0.05). 4. At swallowing of peanuts, the maximal mean amplitude of Class malocclusion was weaker significantly in the posterior temporal muscle than that of normal occlusion. There was no significant difference of duration between normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion. 5 The muscle activities of Class III malocclusion had a tendency of decrease less than normal occlusion. And then the muscle activities of the anterior temporal and anterior masseter muscles in Class III malocclusion showed the tendency of the increase more than other muscles of Class III malocclusion.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.322-330
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• 2018

Herbivory is a major functional component of forest ecosystems, and herbivorous insects comprise about 25% of all insect species. Increasing plant diversity is related to herbivore abundance and diversity, which affects the level of leaf damage caused by insects. This study was conducted to identify plant-related variables such as plant diversity and number of leaves and density-related variables, basal area, and diameter at breast height (DBH) in a temperate forest of southern South Korea. To assess the level of leaf damage caused by leaf chewing insects, we set up two 0.1 ha plots in a temperate deciduous forest on Mt. Jirisan National Park. Plant richness differed between two sites: 16 species in 14 families(site 1) and 19 species in 15 families (site 2). Fisher's alpha index based on plant species richness and abundance resulted in 4.41 (site 1) and 6.57 (site 2). However, the sum of basal area of each site was higher in site 1 ($6.6m^2$) than site 2 ($3.7m^2$). The total surveyed leaves at two sites were 3,832 and 4,691, respectively and the damage leaves were 1,544 and 2,136, respectively. The mean leaf damage level was 11.2% (${\pm}1.76%$) in two study sites: the leaf damage level of the site 1 (11.99%) was significantly higher than site 2 (10.59%). Stepwise regression analysis showed that species diversity and evenness were the significant variables for leaf damages by chewing herbivores. NMDS ordination also identified that high tree density and low species diversity were the significant variables. This suggested that the level of damage was significantly higher in plots with low plant diversity and high tree density. In the future, we will investigate other guilds of herbivores such as sap-suckers, miners and gallers in temperate deciduous forests.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.698-703
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• 2015

The elderly or patients with masticatory disturbance and deglutition dysfunctions, may have difficulty in chewing or biting foods with a hard texture. Thus, softening of the texture of foods using hemicellulase immobilized by the nanoencapsulation technique was examined in this study. Burdock was cut into cylindrical-shaped samples, which were immersed in distilled water and non-coated or coated enzymes for 48 h at $4^{\circ}C$. The hardness of the treated samples decreased compared to the control. Microstructural observations revealed that the cells in the non-coated burdock were destroyed after 24 h. From the point of view of enzyme activity, the initial activity of the non-coated enzymes was higher than that of the coated enzymes. However, the enzyme activity was not significantly affected by the immersion time. Therefore, it appears that the encapsulation technique for enzymes may be useful for softening the texture of foods.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.1 s.44
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• pp.199-220
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the electromyographic features in the perioral muscles of class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, and to grope the correlation between its activities and craniofacial morphology. Tn this study, 14 subjects with class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips(mean age of 20.5 years) and 20 subjects with normal occlusion(mean age of 23.9 years) were investigated. Electromyographic data were recorded from orbicularis oris, mentalis, buccinator and suprahyoid muscles durig rest lip posture, lip position at sealing, maximum sealing, maximal blowing, maximal biting, sipping milk, sipping and swallowing milk, chewing gum, masticating almond, swallowing almond and phonation utilizing the Medelec MS-25 electromyographic apparatus. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with the mandible in intercuspal position on all subjects. All data were recorded statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows : 1. In class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, the overall augmentations of perioral muscle activities during various functionel movements set for lip sealing were manifested and particular swelling in mentalis activity at rest was detected. 2. On the other hand remarkable diminution of upper lip acitivities at lip sealing movements was drawn. 3. In Class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, negative correlations existed between the diversity of upper lip activities and upper incisor position and overjet as well in contrast to positive correlations in the lower lip. 4. It was suggested that the abnormal function of lower lip and mentalis muscle contributed somewhat the revelation of the characteristics of Class II division 1 malocclusion.