• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2020

Objectives: We investigated the status of accidents and deaths caused by chemical leakage and skin contact in Korea. The purpose of this study was to produce and provide technical reference data for the efficient management of accidents and the rational management of accidental chemicals. Methods: Accidents and deaths caused by chemical leakage and skin contact in industry were investigated. Based on 68 accident reports related to chemical leakage and skin contact, the causes of accidental deaths were analyzed. In addition, we investigated the chemical substances and articles that caused these accidents and deaths. Based on the results of the investigation, the causes of accidents caused by chemical leakage and skin contact were identified and practical management measures for the chemicals were suggested. Results and Conclusions: In 2018, 372 people suffered from chemical leaks and skin contact, up by 123 (about 49.4%) from the previous year. The number of accident deaths was 14, an increase of five (about 55.6%) from the previous year. In the last three years (2016-2018), 91 chemical substances and article groups were involved in accidents caused by chemical leakage and skin contact. There were 16 chemical substance and article groups involved in accidental deaths. There were ten cases of accidents involving two or more casualties due to chemical leakage and skin contact, and 23 deaths occurred. Most of these accidental deaths were caused by subcontractor workers outsourcing risks. Therefore, there is an apparent need to strengthen the responsibility for safety and health among subcontractors.

• Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2018

Recently, social crimes using chemicals at home and abroad are increasing. These chemicals are readily available in the internet. Therefore, the NICS(national institute of chemical safety) runs a 'Chemical Cyber Surveillance' to help the public take control of the internet and create a healthy cyberspace through voluntary participation of the public. The study analyzed more than 1,000 sites suspected illegal hazardous information or blocked among cyber surveillance 3,500 case reports in the past yeas. And, the number of illegal hazardous information reported in the past three years is analyzed by type and substance. They want to examine the characteristics of hazardous chemical information on the internet and use it as a basic data to establish illegal information management measures that spread over cyberspace.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.43-49
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• 2023

Hydrofluoric acid is a less acidic substance than hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, but it is one of the most dangerous substances for humans. In recent years, it has become an indispensable substance in industries such as chemical plants and the semiconductor industry, and although it is a threat to the human body, its use is increasing for various purposes, and the amount of use is constantly increasing due to the expansion and development of the industry. The dangers of hydrogen fluoride have been highlighted since the 2012 accident, which led to a more than fivefold increase in management standards for handling facilities. Hydrogen fluoride converts to hydrofluoric acid when exposed to the air, which can be fatal to humans. This study simulates the effects of a release of a toxic substance in the workplace, even though a protection layer has been provided to minimize the damage caused by the released toxic substance, and recommend ways to control the risk to workers in the event of a release in the workplace.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.163-166
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• 2010

Pulp and paper mill wastewater has been treated by biological treatment, but the secondary effluent still contains high lignin, chemical oxygen demand, color and total dissolved solids. Tertiary treatment by land application, referred to as 'Project Green,' has been implemented to treat such high quantities of undesirable matters. The impacts of seepage from Project Green diffusing into receiving streams on the water quality and fish pen aquaculture were studied via the integration of technical and social approaches. The determination of the water quality was performed for 13 sampling stations along the receiving stream, including the Chot stream, Chot lagoon and the Pong River. The water quality was generally at normal levels, with the exception of total dissolved solids. The levels of matter were higher at the Chot stream, but became more diluted at the Chot lagoon and the Pong River, respectively. The social approach was conducted through the voluntary participation of the villagers as research assistants for the fish aquaculture study. Fish could grow at three fish pens within the study sites at the location of Project Green, the Chot lagoon and the Pong River. Fish growth at the Chot lagoon was better at the site of Project Green and the Pong River. The integration of technical and social approaches was a meaningful tool not only for the technical feasibility but in helping to solve the conflict between the community and industry.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.7-25
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• 1991

Until now, pure drinking water grnerally menas the water without taste, odor, general bacteria, coliform, and other exotic substance. Such a definition has been changing recently due to the finding of numerous other inorganic and organic substances unknown to us. 10 years ago, major causes of death were infectious agents and parasites contained in water, but recently, it has become apparent that some substances contained in drinking water cause cancer and heart diseases. We must drink about 2L of water everyday in order to maintain healthy condition. Waters used for drinking include tap water, well water, spring water, filtered water, etc., but the quality of drinking water has more polluted due to the industrial development and population increase. For example, industrial waste waters from industrial plants pollute the water supply sources ; toxic substances contained in the waste waters pollute the ground water sources by penetrating the geological strata, and municipal, livestock, public building waste waters also pollute the water supply sources. Sometimes, the polluted surface waters were announced to be polluted by various kinds of orgainc substance, and it is reported that the pollution of ground water by orga nic substances has few in number but high in its concectration comparing with those of surface water. As the water quality pollution level increases, so the amount of disinfectant also increase. For example, chlorine solution, one of widely used disinfectants, creates trihalomethane(THM), a carcinogen, and halogen compounds. According to Oliver, through chlorine disinfection process, humine substance and chlorine create bolatile organic halide and nonvolatile organic halide by chemical reaction. There are tens or hundreds filtering devices, but filtering principles and maintenance metjhods are different, so their efficiency tests are needed. According to Smith, the effeciency tests aginst over 30 Ameican filtering devices show that 10 devices can remove 85% of volatile organics and further studies on filtered waters are underway. In consideration of important impacts of polluted drinking water on national health, authors studied the state of water quality pollution against tap water used as drinking water, filtration device passed water, ground water, and conserved drinking water ; tested the efficiency of filtration devices for tap water ; tried to sep up the detection method by using ion chromatography based on negative ion and positive ion by using single column, and attemped the simple filtration method for general households.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 1982

Streptomyces griseorubiginosus var. soyoensis previously identified, produced two kinds of antifungal antibiotics, trans-cinnamamide and another new substance. The latter was identified to be a new substance of tetraene family by establishment of UV, IR, NMR, mass spectra and chemical reactions and rotatively named as Tetraene KM-A. Through an antimicrobial activity test using serial agar dilution method, Tetraene KM-A showed strong growth inhibitory activity against fungi and yeasts, but not against procaryotes tested. The inhibitory action of Tetraene KM-A on fungi was remarkably ineffective when some of sterols were added to the cultural media. $LD_{50}$ of the Tetrene KM-A to mice and rats by intravenous injection were 84.3 and 90.4 mg/kg respectively. $LD_{50}$ to mice by oral feeding was 1503mg/kg.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.22-30
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• 1974

This study was carried out to investigate the species of iron compounds in kaolin mineral and the bonding relation between the major kaolin and its subordinate iron compound existing as incidental mineral in common clay by means of chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, thermal differential and thermogravimetrie analysis for the application of clays in the field of ceramic raw material. The domestic clay are produced abounduntly in many places, but San-Cheong kaolin, Chu-An clay, and Yeong-Am clay were selected as samples in this experiment because of their frequent utilization in porcelain industry. Two kinds of samples with low and high iron content are picked up respectively from the place of production and elutriated under two micron size to determine the properties and concentration of iron compound very fine particles or colloidal substance of low crystalline grade. Therefore, hydrothermal treatment in autoclave was conducted considering the existence of low crystalline grade of iron compounds known as an amorphoue state in X-ray diffraction pattern furthermore, de-iron treatment of hydrothermal compound was done in order to identify the related iron compound before and after hydrothermal reaction and iron compound which is one of the samples was synthesized for the determination of their compounds state in more detail. The obtained results in this study are as follows: In San-Cheong kaolin, Chu-An clay and Yeong-Am clay 1) It is proved that species accompanying iron compound is $\alpha$-FeOOH form. 2) Iron compound is composed of very fine particles or colloidal substance. 3) The iron substance encircles the fine parts of clay minerals under 2 micron and acts as cementizing agent.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 1992

For the selection of powerful antagonistic bacterium for biological control of soil borne Eminia carotovora subsp. carotovora causing rot of vegetable, excellent strains (S4, S14, 565) were selected from 1,196 strains of bacteria which were isolated from rhizosphere in vegetable root rot-suppresive soil. Strains were identified to be Pseudomonas species with Api 20NE kit. Antagonistic substance was produced in 523 synthetic broth medium at pH 7~8 and $30^{\circ}C$ during 3 days culture. The substance was stable in the pH range of 6 to 9. When the basal medium was supplemented with mannitol and sorbitol as carbon source and calcium chloride as metal salt, the production of the inhibitory substance was increased. The inhibitory acitivity was increased by the addition of fertilizer in soil. The isolated strains were resistant to the agricultural chemical such as benomyl and fosethyl-Al-folpet, and the antibiotics such as penicillin and lincomycin. We had found that Pseudomonas sp. S14 strain had a single plasmid. After treated with acridin orange for curing, we confirmed the existence of antagonistic gene in the chromosomal DNA.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.206-215
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• 2022

Background: Fragrance substances in consumer products can cause adverse health effects such as contact allergy. In South Korea, consumer chemical products must list 26 known fragrance allergens on product labels when they contain more than 0.01%. Fragrance substances are mostly used in combination, so co-exposure can occur via use of a consumer chemical product. Co-exposure to fragrance allergens may show a synergistic effect on the human body. Objectives: The aims of the study were to analyze the characteristics of fragrance allergens in consumer chemical products available on public websites and to identify the co-occurrence patterns of fragrance allergens. Methods: The chemicals in 1,443 ingredient disclosures for consumer chemical products were collected through the Ecolife database. The 26 labelled fragrance allergens were identified by category of consumer chemical product. The co-occurrence patterns of the 26 labelled fragrance allergens were analyzed by frequent pattern mining. The unlabelled fragrance allergens presented by European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety were also identified. Results: Consumer chemical products contained an average of 5.3±4.2 substances among the 26 labelled fragrance allergens. More than 85% of air fresheners, deodorizing agents, and fabric softeners contained at least one of the 26 labelled fragrance allergens. The most frequently contained fragrance allergens were limonene (50.5%), linalool (49.9%), hexyl cinnamal (34.0%), and citronellol (28.3%). 16.7% of consumer chemical products showed a co-occurrence of limonene, linalool, hexyl cinnamal, and citronellol. Thirty-eight unlabelled fragrance allergens were found in the consumer chemical products, with hexamethylindanopyran (25.2%) being the most frequently contained substance. Conclusions: The characteristics and co-occurrence patterns of 26 labelled fragrance allergens would be useful information for the management of co-exposure to fragrance allergens in consumer chemical products. It is necessary for attention to be paid to unlabelled fragrance allergens.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2002

Methane can be converted directly to hydrogen by pyrolysis. The reaction is highly endothemic and heat must be supplied at high temperatures. Gibbs free energy minimization calculations have been carried out for the methane pyrolysis to determine equilibrium products. The calculation parameters are the temperature, the initial H/C ratio, the pressure and Gibbs energies of each substance. Methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, naphthalene, and hydrogen are the main products. Excluding hydrogen, it is observed that ethylene and aromatics(benzene+naphthalene) are predominant products below 1400K, whereas acetylene is significantly formed above 1400K. Hydrogen dilution increases the selectivities for ethylene and acetylene and decreases the selectivity for aromatics. Increasing the pressure also decreases the decomposition of methane.