• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2015

Background: The type of payment is one of the important factors that has an effect on the health of employees, as a basic working condition. In the conventional research field of occupational safety and health, only the physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic factors are treated as the main hazardous factors. Managerial factors and basic working conditions such as working hours and the type of payment are neglected. This paper aimed to investigate the association of the type of payment and the exposure to the various hazardous factors as an heuristic study. Methods: The third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute in 2011 was used for this study. Among the total sample of 50,032 economically active persons, 34,788 employees were considered for analysis. This study examined the relation between the three types of payment such as basic fixed salary and wage, piece rate, and extra payment for bad and dangerous working conditions and exposure to hazardous factors like vibration, noise, temperature, chemical contact, and working at very high speeds. Multivariate regression analysis was used to measure the effect of the type of payment on working hours exposed to hazards. Results: The result showed that the proportion of employees with a basic fixed salary was 94.5%, the proportion with piece rates was 38.6%, and the proportion who received extra payment for hazardous working conditions was 11.7%. Conclusion: The piece rate was associated with exposure to working with tight deadlines and stressful jobs. This study had some limitations because KWCS was a cross-sectional survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

The early identification of thermal hazards associated with a process such as the heats of reaction, exothermic decompositions, and the understanding of thermodynamics before any large scale operations are undertaken. The evaluation of reaction factors and thermal behavior on esterification process in manufacture of concrete mixture agents are described in the present paper. The experiments were performed in the differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), C 80 calorimeter, and thermal screening unit($TS^u$). The aim of the study was to evaluate the thermal stability of single material and mixture in esterification process. We provided the thermal data of chemical materials to present safe operating conditions through this study.

• Carbon letters
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.126-132
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• 2003

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) has been proven to be an excellent material for many industrial applications. A systematic study has been carried out of the kinetics of physical as well as chemical activation of phenolic resin chars. Physical activation was carried out using $CO_2$ and chemical activation using KOH as activating agent. There are number of factors which influence the rate of activation. The activation temperature and residence time at HTT varied in the range $550{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ and $\frac{1}{2}{\sim}8$ hrs respectively. Kinetic studies show that the rate of chemical activation is 10 times faster than physical activation even at much lower temperature. Above study show that the chemical activation process is suitable to prepare granular activated carbon with very high surface area i.e.$ 2895\;m^2/g$ in short duration of time i.e. 1 to 2 hrs at lower temperature i.e. $750^{\circ}C$ from phenolic resins.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.372-373
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• 2006

Chemical kinetics affects Cu CMP results (removal rate, Non uniformity etc.) Because Cu is removed by chemical action. Key factors in chemical kinetics are process temperature and concentration of slurry components. In this study, Hydrogen peroxide and citric acid were selected as a oxidant and a complexing agent and Slurry were made by mixing this components. In order to study effects of Chemical Kinetics, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed on Cu sample after etching test as concentration of citric acid and slurry temperature. Finally Cu CMP was performed as same conditions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.629-633
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• 2005

In the reversed-phase chromatography, the retention time of sample was investigated based on the molecular structure of compound. Several descriptors that were related to retention factors were selected, and then the values of descriptors were calculated with several softwares. The effect of retention factor was measured with calculated values, and the results were obtained that each descriptors of molecular structure of compound have different effect on the retention factor. Therefore, the empirical equation for seven types of descriptors considered was obtained, and it has high values of correlation coefficient. Furthermore, the experimental data and calculated values have good agreement.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.3367-3371
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• 2011

An easy and convenient synthetic route to (S)-2-hydroxy-2'-(3-phenyluryl-benzyl)-1,1'-binaphthyl-3-carboxaldehyde (1), capable of recognizing tryptophan by fluorescence has been developed. The binol carboxaldehyde 1 exhibited a high selectivity to L-tryptophan over other examined L-${\alpha}$-amino acids such as alanine, phenylalanine, glutamine, arginine, lysine, serine, threonine, aspartat, valine, histidine and cysteine, with a fluorescence "turn-on" signal. In addition, 1 displayed chiral discrimination with good enantioselectivity toward L-tryptophan over D-tryptophan through different fluorescence enhancement factors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.547-550
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• 2005

Recently, there has been a intensive social interest for concrete structures with respect to durability by carbonation, chemical attack etc. Specially, the deterioration of concrete due to chemical attack in environments such as Wastewater Treatment Facilities is important factors degrading the durability of concrete structure. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate on deterioration of Wastewater Treatment Facilities concrete to chemical attack through instrumental analysis such as XRD, SEM and EDS. According to the results of this study. Wastewater Treatment Facilities concrete to chemical attack due to $So_{4}^{2-},\;Mg^{2+}$ ions founded out to appear deterioration materials peak : ettringite/thaumasite. gypsum and brucite peak.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2005

Pervaporation with a membrane is one of the economic technologies for separation of liquid mixtures including organic/water mixtures. The ZSM-5 membrane was used fur pervaporation of dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene from their aqueous solutions since its physical property shows very hydrophobic. ZSM-5 crystals were hydrothermally grown and deposited on the inside of a porous sintered stainless steel tube by the secondary growth method. Fluxes of dichlorinated organic compounds were observed to be $50{\~}429\;g/m^2/h$ while separation factors were $15{\~}320$ depending on a mole fraction of a dichlorinated organic compound in a feed solution ranged from 0.0001 to 0.001 mole fraction and the operation temperature between $25^{\circ}C\;and\;35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2005

Among ceramic membranes developed to date, amorphous silica membranes are attractive for gas separation at elevated temperatures. Most of the silica membranes can be formed on a porous support by sol-gel or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. To improve gas permselectivity of the membrane, well-controlled pores having desired size and chemical affinity between permeates and membrane become important factors in the preparation of membranes. In this article, we review the literature and introduce our technologies on the microstructure to be solved and pore size control of silica membranes using sol-gel and CVD methods.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1169-1172
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• 2006

The prices of chemical products are fluctuated by several factors. The chemical companies can't predict and be ready to all of these changes, so they are exposed to the risk of a profit fluctuation. But they can reduce this risk by making a well-diversified product portfolio. This problem can be thought as the optimization of the product portfolio. We assume that the profits come from the 'spread' between a naphtha and a chemical product. We calculate a mean and a variation of each spread and develop an automatic module to calculate the optimal portion of each product. The theory is based on the Markowitz portfolio management. It maximizes the expected return while minimizing the volatility. At last we draw an investment selection curve to compare each alternative and to demonstrate the superiority. And we suggest that an investment selection curve can be a decision-making tool.