• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of Korean native goats fed with various roughage sources. The feeding trials were conducted at Chungnam National University and Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2007. The experimental roughages sources were five including 25 species in all; grass sources: 5 species (Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Poa pratensis, Agrostis alba and mixed grass, legume sources: 5 species (Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, Melilotus officinalis and Vicia villosa), browse sources: 5 species(Quercus serrata Thunb., Prunus jamasakura Sieb., Quercus aliena Blume, Robinia pseudoaccacia and Pinus densiflora), weed sources: 5 species(Artemisia princeps Pampanini, Erigeron canadensis, Alopecurus aegualis Sobolewski, Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea (Roxb.) Wight and Rumex crispus), and native grass sources: 5 species(Zoysia japonica Steudel, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens(Hack) Ohwi., Arundinella hirta(Thunb.) Tanaka, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Phragmites comunis Trin). Ten Korean native goats were selected which had nearly the same body weight(average 30.6kg, 남) as experimental animals. Experimental roughages were prepared by 0.5kg per 1 species fed to Korean native goats, and the experiment was carried out from 08:00 to 20:00. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period (p<0.05). The Korean native goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species order by Korean native goats was observed like this: Quercus serrata Thunb., Quercus aliena Blume, Trifolium repens, and Pinus densiflora and Artemisia princeps Pampanini which was lower intake compared to other domestic herbivores. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by Korean native goats was showed as browse(29.9%), legumes(23.0%), weeds(21.6%), grasses(21.5%) and native grasses(4.0%), respectively. Based on the result, the food habit of Korean native goats seems to be closer to browser type.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.360-366
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• 2010

Doenjang (fermented soybean paste) is one of the korean traditional fermented soybean product which is consumed with cooked rice as a soup or paste. During the fermentation, soybean protein hydrolyzed into amino acids and various peptide, and various organic acids by mirobes related and enzymes produced by meju fermentation. Some commercial products locationally samples give more sour taste than normal due to abnormal fermentation which the reasons are not clear. Three samples that gave sour taste organoleptically were collected and analyzed their characteristics such as pH, moisture content, acidity and microbial counts. The pH of the sour sample were lower than the normal with higher acidity as pH 5.39 (normal) to pH 4.36 (S2) and 15.80 ml of(0.lN NaOH consumed) to 21.80 ml (S1) respectively. Salt and moisture contents were different with sour and normal Doenjang as 16.38% (normal) to 8.92% (S3) in salt and 55.94% (normal) to 49.34% (S1) in moisture content. Total viable counts were $4.1{\times}10^8$ (normal) to $8.0{\times}10^5$ (S2), and $3.4{\times}10^8$ (normal) to $8.0{\times}10^5$ (S2) in acid producing microbes at BCP plate. Yeast and mold were not detected. The composition of acids as mainly lactic acid and acetic acid of sour Doenjang. Total free amino acids content were lower the sour Doenjang than the normal.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2005

Numerous abandoned or closed mines are present in the steep mountain valleys in Korea due to the depression of the mining industry since the late 1980s. From the mines, enormous amounts of wastes were dumped on the slopes causing sedimentation and acid mine drainage to be discharged directly into streams causing detrimental effects on surrounding environment. Objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of the lime cake by-product from the soda ash production (Solvay process) to neutralize the pyrophyllite mine wastes, which have discharged the acid drainage to soil and stream in the watershed. The pH of mine wastes was strongly acidic at pH 3.67 containing over 16% of $Al_2O_3$ and 11% of $Fe_2O_3$. Whereas the lime cake by-product was strongly basic at pH 9.97 due to high contents of CaO, MgO and $CaCl_2$ as major components. Column experiments were conducted to test the neutralizing capacity of the lime cake by-product for the acidic pyrophyllite mine wastes. The column packed with the wastes (control) was treated with the lime cake by-product, calcium carbonate, the dressing soil or combination. The distilled water was eluted statically through the column and the leachate was collected for the chemical analyses. Treatments of the mine wastes with the lime cake by-product (or calcium carbonate) as mixtures increased pH of the leachate from $3.5{\sim}4.0\;to\;7{\sim}8$. Concentrations of Fe and Al in the leachate were also decreased below 1.0 mg $L^{-1}$. A Similar result was observed at the combined treatments of the mine waste, the lime by-product (or calcium carbonate) and the dressing soil. The results indicated that the lime cake by-product could sufficiently neutralize the acid drainage from the pyrophyllite mine wastes without dressing soils.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical quality characteristics of pork patty added with four different amount (T0:0%, T1:0.3%, T2:0.7%, T3:1.0%) of tangerine (Citrus unshiu) peel. There was no significant difference in chemical composition, cooking yield, water holding capacity, moisture retention, fat retention, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, VBN content, L-value. In taste, texture, juiciness and palatability, the addition of 0.3%~1.0% tangerine peel in pork patty showed no significant difference on sensory properties compared to the pork patty without tangerine peel. Total polyphenol content was highest in T3, and DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in T2 and T3 (p<0.001). The TBARS contents decreased as tangerine peel become added (p<0.001). The pH was highest in T0, and was lowest in T3 (p<0.001). The external a-value of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than that of T0 (p<0.01). The external and internal b-value of T2 and T3 were higher than those of T0 (p<0.01). Flavor of T2 and T3 were higher than those of T0 and T1 (p<0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that an addition of tangerine peel could be utilized as an ingredient in pork patty in promotion of function of tangerine by-products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

Nutritional compositions of three Tochukaso species (Paecilomyces tenuipes hosted by Larva and pupa, Cordyceps militaris, C. sinensis) were compared. Fruiting body and host fractions were separately analyzed. Fruiting body fraction of P. tenuipes (36.6%) hosted by larva was higher than that hosted by pupa (10.2%), an indication that the quality of the former is superior to the latter. Carbohydrate content of C. sinensis (39.6%) was $2.5{\sim}7$ times higher than those of others, probably due to the presence of polysaccharides. Protein and crude lipid contents of C. sinensis and C. militaris were 25.8 and 10.3%, and 75.1 and 3.9%, respectively. C. sinensis showed the lowest Ca content and $30{\sim}75$ times higher Fe content among the samples tested. Vitamin A content of C. militaris was 308.9 IU/100g, two fold higher than those of the other species. Saturated fatty acid content was the highest in P. tenuipes (pupa, 27.7%), whereas unsaturated fatty acid was the highest in P. tenuipes (larva, 83.3%). Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine were abundant in all species. Cordycepin content of C. militaris was $20{\sim}50$ times higher than those of the other species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

Maritime University cadets must be on board ship's after thoroughly completing a Basic Safety Training Course. During their spare semester they must complete basic principle of the course and then, attend to both Advanced Safety Training Course and Tankers Training Course before they graduate. However, all cadets are exposed to risks during their onboard training. It means that most of commercial ships have to train them before boarding and perform duties according to all sorts of check lists based on the ISM. Accordingly, this research will deal with the treatment for toxic chemicals which is not fully covered by shipping firms, vessels and even a Maritime University for cadets. The lack of pre-knowledge about it is considerably hazardous to the cadets who have no onboard experience. As stated above, the majority of the onboard cadets board their ships without previous training on treatment and knowledge for toxic chemicals. As a result, there are some cases that cadets are injured due to the lack of knowledge to treat toxic chemicals and due to carelessness. Furthermore, they end up leaving a ship prematurely. To prevent these incidents from occurring, this paper recommends thorough training before going onboard provided by Maritime University, the systematic database on the safety of the toxic chemicals and the development of the online contents for safety education of toxic chemicals fitted on each ship's types are necessary to avoid risks and accidents onboard. Furthermore, it is suggested that shipping companies should manage the ship according to the safety check list on toxic chemicals and the crew in charge with qualification for the treatment of toxic chemicals should provide a safety education and supervision.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.195-200
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• 2004

Microbial lethal value and nutrient retention of sous vide processed spinach were evaluated with mathematical model prediction and experimental trial for different package sizes and pasteurization temperatures. The package size covers 500 g, 1 kg and 2 kg, while the pasteurization temperature includes 80, 90 and 97$^{\circ}C$. The basic process scheme consists of filling blanched spinach into barrier plastic film pouch, sealing under vacuum, pasteurization in hot water with over pressure and final cooling to 3$^{\circ}C$. Pasteurization condition was designed based on attainment of 6 decimal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes at geometric center of the pouch package by heating cycle, which was determined by general method. Heat penetration property of the package and thermal destruction kinetics were combined to estimate the retention of ascorbic acid and chlorophyll. Smaller packages with shorter pasteurization time gave better nutrient retention, physical and chemical qualities. Larger package size was estimated and confirmed experimentally to give higher pasteurization value at center, lower ascorbic acid and chlorophyll contents caused by longer heat process time. Lower pasteurization temperature with longer process time was predicted to give lower pasteurization value at center and lower ascorbic acid, while chlorophyll content was affected little by the temperature. Experimental trial showed better retention of ascorbic acid and chlorophyll for smaller package and higher pasteurization temperature with shorter heating time. The beneficial effect of smaller package and higher pasteurization temperature was also observed in texture, color retention and drip production.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.122-134
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of torrefied larch wood as a raw material of pellets. First of all, larch chip was torrefied at the temperatures of 230, 250 and $270^{\circ}C$ for 30, 50 and 70 min. Secondly, moisture content, moisture absorption, higher heating value and ash content of the torrefied chip were measured to examine the effects of torrefaction conditions on the fuel characteristics of larch. Thirdly, surfaces of the torrefied chip were observed by light microscope (LM), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM) and SEM-energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDXS). With the increases of torrefied temperature and time, contents of lignin increased and those of hemicellulose reduced. Moisture content of torrefied larch chip was greatly lower than that of non-torrefied chip. Moisture absorption of the torrefied chip decreased as torrefaction temperature increased. As torrefaction temperature increased, higher heating value and ash content of larch chip increased. However, durability of torrefied-larch pellets was remarkably lower comparing to non-torrefied-larch pellets. When surface of larch chip was observed by LM and FE-SEM, surface color and cell wall of the chip was getting darker and more collapsed with the increases of torrefaction conditions. Through the analysis of SEM-EDXS, distribution and quantity of lignin existing on the surface of larch chip increased with the increases of torrefied conditions. In conclusion, $270^{\circ}C$/50 min might be an optimal condition for the torrefaction of larch with the aspect of fuel characteristics, but torrefaction condition of $230^{\circ}C$/30 min should be considered according to the durability of torrefied-larch pellets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 1976

Forty one samples from thirty three species of algae (19 from 15 species of Rhodophyceae, 18 from 14 species of Phaeophyceae, 3 from 3 species of Chlorophyceae, and 1 of marine Phanerogams) collected from several locations on the east, west and south coast of Korea, were analyzed for their contents of crude protein, fat, cellulose, ash, nitrogen free extract, amino nitrogen, and total amino acids. For the examination of extractability of algal protein with water, 4 species of algae, Sargassum thunberggi, Grateloupia filicina, Phyllospadix japonica, and Sargassum confusum, were analyzed. And the effect of some precipitation treatments for isolation of algal protein was also tested. As a matter of fact, Rhodophyceae showed high content in crude protein and low in crude fat while the case was opposite for Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Refering to the content of crude protein and total amino acids, the recommendable algae for protein sources were Sargassum thunbergii, Acrosorium flabellata, Phacelocarpus japonicus, Laurencia okamurai, Laurencia intermedia, Grateloupia filicina, Chondrus ocellatus, Gloiopeltis furcata, Gigartina tenella, Dictyota dichotoma, and Scytosiphon lomentaria. Methanol treatment appeared most effective in precipitation isolation of protein from water extracts whereas pH control method did not so beneficial. The precipitation rate of protein was particularity higher in the extract of Sargassum confusum ana the lowest was makted from the extract of Sargassum thunbergii.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1985

In the previous papers (Kim and Park, 1984 a, b), we have reported on alginic acid from Ecklonia cava. The seasonal and portional variation in the composition of uronic acids and their block structures of alginic acid from Sargassum ringgoldianum (collected from Ichon-ri at the coast of Ilgwang-myon, Yangsan-gun, Kyongnam, Korea, in the period of January to December in 1982) are investigated, and their relationship between the chemical composition and some rotated properties is discussed in this study. The results are as follows: 1. One year average contents of alginic acid were $21.4\%$ in the stipe and $19.7\%$ in the frond, one-year average values of M/G ratios were 2.38 in the frond and 1.85 in the stipe. The value of frond was largest in the period of Jauuary to April and smallest in May and October to December. The value of stipe was largest January to April and smallest in May. In general, the proportions of M block in the both of frond and stipe were higher than those of G block. 2. The viscosity of frond alginic acid showed higher values of 31.1 cP in November, and lower (below 7.0 cP) in the stipe alginic acid. Furthermore, the dependence on temperature of frond alginic acid was also larger in November and others were lower. Ion exchange ability of frond alginic acid was highest in July and the exchange amounts were $Pb^{2+}\;5.2,\;Cu^{2+}\;3.1,\;Zn^{2+}\;1.7,\;Co^{2+}\;1.5$ meq/g, Na-Alg., and the ability of stipe alginic acid was highest in May and the amounts were $Pb^{2+}\;4.6,\;Cu^{2+}\;3.3,\;Zn^{2+}\;2.5,\;Co^{2+}\;1.4$ meq/g. Na-Alg.. The affinity with metallic ions appeared higher in order of $Pb^{2+}>Cu^{2+}>Zn^{2+}>Co^{2+}$, and the exchange ability assumed to relate with the block ratio of uronic acid.