• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.315-327
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• 2005

The total of 35 target VOCs (volatile organic compounds), which were included in the TO-14, was selected to develop a VOCs' source profile matrix of the Yeosu Petrochemical Complex and to test its collinearity by singular value decomposition(SVD) technique. The VOCs collected in canisters were sampled from 12 different sources such as 8 direct emission sources (refinery, painting, wastewater treatment plant, incinerator, petrochemical processing, oil storage, fertilizer plant, and iron mill) and 4 general area sources (gasoline vapor emission, graphic art activity, vehicle emission, and asphalt paving activity) in this study area, and then those samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Initially the resulting raw data for each profile were scaled and normalized through several data treatment steps, and then specific VOCs showing major weight fractions were intensively reviewed and compared by introducing many other related studies. Next, all of the source profiles were tested in terms of degree of collinearity by SVD technique. The study finally could provide a proper VOCs' source profile in the study area, which can give opportunities to apply various receptor models properly including chemical mass balance (CMB).

• 청정기술
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1999

영국 BS7750에서 사용하는 환경영향평가방법을 이용하여 시멘트공정내 환경영향심각도를 결정하기 위한 방법을 연구하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 제조공정내 물질수지식을 세우고 제품과 폐기되는 환경오염원을 정량화하여 환경영향의 심각도를 발생가능성의 평가등급과 발생결과 평가등급을 종합한 환경 위해평가 메트릭스법을 도입, 환경오염원을 줄이기 위한 우선순위를 결정하였다. 환경영향평가결과, 각 단계별 공정의 환경영향의 심각도를 계량화할 수 있었으며 공정 개선후 얻어진 효과에 대한 결과를 청정관리 개선사례로 제시하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to develop kinetic model for the MBR and investigate kinetic characteristics of the gravitational flow transverse direction MBR system. Kinetic model was derived by mass balance of substratc and biomass combined with empirical membranc filtration rerm for the MBR. To find kinctic values, permeale flux and COD removal were analyzed through the laboratory, MBR operation as different solids retention times. Permeate flux was ranged 2.5-5.0 LMH (L/m$^2$/hr) as sludge characteristics in each run. Although the soluble COD in the bioreactor was changed, the effluent COD was stable as average 99% removal rate during the experimental periods. Y$_g$ of this MBR system was higher than those of cross-flow MBR processes. The kinetics of this MBR showed that smaller k, larger b, and larger K$_s$ values than the conventional activated sludge process. These results indicated that substrate was used for cell maintenance rather than growth in this MBR system.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.427-433
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• 1995

A microscopic mass balance approach has hsown that the initial saturation (Is), absorption number (An), dose number (Do), and dissolution number (Dn) are four fundamental dimensionless parameters that can be used to estimate the fraction dose absorbed (F)l of suspensions of poorly soluble drugs in humans. The dissolution number of a drug increases with decreasing its particle size. The effect of micronization on F for suspensions was investigated in terms of Dn. About 90% of maximal F can be achieved at $Dn{\approx}2$. Increasing the solubility of a drug results in better oral absorption through increasing Dn and decreasing the solubility of a drug results in better oral absorption through increasing Dn and decreasing Do. The fractions dose absorbed of digoxin, griseofulvin, and benoxaprofen agree with predicted F values sorbed by reducing particle size, while absorption of drugs with high Do and low Dn is limited by solubility and requires higher solubility to enhance the fraction dose absorbed in addition to micronization. Solubility at the physiological pH should be used for the estimation of the fraction dose absorbed.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2014

Several studies have been carried out on the source contribution of the particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) over Seoul by using the Chemical Mass Balance Model (CMB)(Lee and Kim, 2007; Kim et al., 2013). To confirm the validity of the modeling results, the modified model employing a photochemical loss rate along with varying residence times and the standard model that considers no loss were compared. It was found that by considering the photochemical loss rate, a better performance was obtained as compared to those obtained from the standard model in the CMB calculation. The modified model estimated higher contributions from coke oven, transportation, and biomass burning by 4 to 8%. However, the order of the relative importance of major sources was not changed, coke oven followed by transportation and biomass burning. Thus, it was concluded that the standard CMB model results are reliable for identifying the relative importance of major sources.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2003

화학평형, 물질수지 및 전기적 중성식을 고려하고 Bromley식으로 용질들의 활동도계수를 구하여 염산용액에서 염화니켈의 이온평형을 해석하였다. 본 연구에서 고려한 조성범위에서 니켈을 함유한 화학종의 대부분은 $Ni^{2+}$ 와 $NiCl^{+}$ 로 존재하고 니켈수산화물의 농도분율은 매우 낮으나, 용액의 pH가 증가함에 따라 $Ni_4$ $(OH)_{4}^{4+}$ 의 농도분율은 급격히 증가하였다. $NiCl_2$ $-HCl-NaOH-H_2$O 계에 대해 전해질의 농도를 변화시키며 $25^{\circ}C$에서 측정한 pH값과 계산값은 이온강도 9.4m정도의 범위까지 서로 잘 일치하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.220-237
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• 2019

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the poorly rendered services in developing countries - limited resources, increasing population, rapid urbanization and application of outdated systems leads to inefficiency. Lack of proper planning and inadequate data regarding solid waste generation and collection compound the SWM problem. Decision makers need to formulate solutions that consider multiple goals and strategies. Given the large number of available options for SWM and the inter-relationships among these options, identifying SWM strategies that satisfy economic or environmental objectives is a complex task. The paper develops a mathematical model for a municipal Integrated SWM system, taking into account waste generation rates, composition, transportation modes, processing techniques, revenues from waste processing, simulating waste management as closely as possible. The constraints include those linking waste flows and mass balance, processing plants capacity, landfill capacity, transport vehicle capacity and number of trips. The linear programming model integrating different functional elements was solved by LINGO optimization software and various possible waste management options were considered during analysis. The model thus serves as decision support tool to evaluate various waste management alternatives and obtain the least-cost combination of technologies for handling, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

• 공업화학
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.109-112
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• 2022

Lime has been used for the neutralization of acidic waste because it is cheap and available in large quantities. The resulting sludge often contains a considerable amount of unreacted lime due to alkali overdosing, even during automatic neutralization processes, which mainly arises from the poor solubility of lime. The sludge cake from lime neutralization of Ilkwang Mine also contained high percentages of calcium and magnesium. The elemental content of the sludge cake was compared with those obtained from a simulation of the lime neutralization facility installed at Ilkwang Mine. A Goldsim^® model estimated the degree of lime overdosing to be 19.1% based on the fractions of ferrous oxide. The analysis suggests that resolubilization of aluminum hydroxide could occur in the settling basin, in which pH exceeded 10 due to the continued dissolution of the overdosed lime. The present study demonstrated that chemical analysis of sludge combined with process simulation could provide a reasonable estimate of mass balance and chemistry in a neutralization facility for acid mine drainage.

• 생태와환경
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• 제33권4호통권92호
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• pp.342-349
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• 2000

본 연구는 1993${\sim}$1994년 대청호에서 호수 형태 및 수리수문학적 변동에 대한 몬순강도의 영향을 평가하였다. 연구기간 동안, 강우, 유입수 및 방류량과 같은 수리수문학적 변수들은 뚜렷한 연간 대조를 보였다. 계절별 강우에 따르면, 강우량의 큰 격차는 7${\sim}$8월 장마기간에 일어났으며, 강으로부터의 유입량, 방류량 및 수체류 시간에 영향을 주었다. 1993년 총 유입량은 1994년에 비해 4배 이상을 넘었으며, 특히 1993년 하절기 유입량은 1994년 하절기에 비해 8배 이상을 상회하였다. 연평균 호수의 수체류 시간은 1993년, 1994년에 각각 93.2일, 158.6일로서 뚜렷한 대조를 보였으며, 장마기간에 가장 큰 차이를 보였다. 호수의 형태적 특성은 연간 대조적인 수리 수문학적 차이를 반영하여, 호수면적, 체적, 만 형성도, 및 평균수심은 1993년에 장마전 부터 장마후까지 계속적으로 증가한 반면, 1994년은 같은 기간에 대해 감소하였다. 이런 결과는 1993년 호수물의 얕은 연안대와의 접측 면적이 1994년에 비해 증가하여 저질과 영양염류 교환의 증가를 가져왔다. 또한 대청호수계면적과 호수면적의 비는 평균 해수면 80m에서 60.7로서, 국내 인공호인 소양호 및 안동호에서의 값보다 2${\sim}$3배 컸고, 자연호 보다는 10배 이상 컸다. 이런 호수 형태 및 수리 수문학적인 특성은 부영양화 현상을 조절하는 가장 중요한 인자중의 하나인 호수내 영양염류 농도에 영향을 주는 것으로 사료된다. 기존의 영양염류 부하량 모델은 계절적으로 안정된 유입량 및 수체류 시간하에서 적용될 수 있다고 가정하기 때문에, 하절기 변동이 극대화되는 우리나라 상황에서 호수 영양염류를 산정 예측할 때 Mass-Balance Model 이용은 신중을 기해야 된다고 사료된다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.386-401
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• 2011

Mathematical models for various steps in coal gasification reactions were developed and applied to investigate the effects of operation parameters on dynamic behavior of gasification process. Chemical reactions considered in these models were pyrolysis, volatile combustion, water shift reaction, steam-methane reformation, and char gasification. Kinetics of heterogeneous reactions between char and gaseous agents was based on Random pore model. Momentum balance and Stokes' law were used to estimate the residence time of solid particles (char) in an up-flow reactor. The effects of operation parameters on syngas composition, reaction temperature, carbon conversion were verified. Parameters considered here for this purpose were $O_2$-to-coal mass ratio, pressure of reactor, composition of coal, diameter of char particle. On the basis of these parametric studies some quantitative parameter-response relationships were established from both dynamic and steady-state point of view. Without depending on steady state approximation, the present model can describe both transient and long-time limit behavior of the gasification system and accordingly serve as a proto-type dynamic simulator of coal gasification process. Incorporation of heat transfer through heterogenous boundaries, slag formation and steam generation is under progress and additional refinement of mathematical models to reflect the actual design of commercial gasifiers will be made in the near futureK.