• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2007

This paper expands an analytical performance model of 802.11 to accurately estimate throughput and energy demand of 802.11-based wireless sensor network (WSN) when sensor nodes employ Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, one of block forward error correction (FEC) techniques. This model evaluates these two metrics as a function of the channel bit error rate (BER) and the RS symbol size. Since the basic recovery unit of RS codes is a symbol not a bit, the symbol size affects the WSN performance even if each packet carries the same amount of FEC check bits. The larger size is more effective to recover long-lasting error bursts although it increases the computational complexity of encoding and decoding RS codes. For applying the extended model to WSNs, this paper collects traffic traces from a WSN consisting of two TIP50CM sensor nodes and measures its energy consumption for processing RS codes. Based on traces, it approximates WSN channels with Gilbert models. The computational analyses confirm that the adoption of RS codes in 802.11 significantly improves its throughput and energy efficiency of WSNs with a high BER. They also predict that the choice of an appropriate RS symbol size causes a lot of difference in throughput and power waste over short-term durations while the symbol size rarely affects the long-term average of these metrics.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.332-340
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• 2019

Electronic warfare systems are needed to be advantageous in the modern war. Many radar threat signals with various frequency spectrums and complicated techniques exist. For detecting the threats, a receiver with wide and narrow-band digital processing is needed. To process a wide-band searching mode, a polyphase filter bank has become the architecture of choice to efficiently detect threats. A polyphase N-path filter aligns the re-sampled time series in each path, and a discrete Fourier transform aligns phase and separates the sub-channel baseband aliases. Multiple threats and CW are detected or rejected when the signals are received in different sub-channels. And also, to process a narrow-band precision mode, a direct down converter is needed to reduce aliasing by using a decimation filter. These digital logics are designed in a FPGA. This paper shows how to design and develop a wide and narrow-band digital receiver that is capable to detect the threats.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.385-394
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• 2019

This study was designed as the precedent research to develop improve the HMR type flavored cooked rice, by analyzing the consumer perception and purchase pattern. This will in turn provide base data to that will help in the development of products that meet consumer's convenience and quality demands. An online survey of 247 people (63.5%) in the age of 20 to 60 was conducted on January 2019. For the primary reason of buying those products, the survey respondents chose a convenience of 71.7%. They are likely to buy 1~2 times a month (40.5%) in hypermarkets (63.6%). The channel choice showed meaningful difference between segments (p<0.01). 89.1% of respondents replied that they are willing to purchase frozen flavored cooked rice in the future. The Key Purchasing factor appeared to be the flavor (5.80), while nutrition (4.89) was chosen as the least important factor. For flavor preference, sea food received the highest score (5.05), while radish kimchi flavor received the lowest (4.02) with a meaningful difference by gender and age (p<0.01). Consumers who sought nutrition, convenience and adventure in HMR products had higher willingness to re-purchase. Developing healthy, flavorful, sensory, and enjoyable HMR products will be critical in the fulfillment of diverse consumer needs.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.219-228
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• 2020

A CubeSat platform has become a popular choice due to inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and low launch cost. However, it requires more power-efficient and higher-data rate downlink capability for space applications related to remote sensing. In addition, the platform is limited by the size, weight and power (SWaP) constraints as well as the regulatory issue of licensing the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. The requirements and limitations have put optical communications on promising alternatives to RF communications for a CubeSat platform, owing to the power efficiency and high data rate as well as the license free spectrum. In this study, we analyzed the performance of optical downlink communications compatible with CubeSat platforms in terms of data rate, bit error rate (BER) and outage probability. Mathematical models of BER and outage probability were derived based on not only the log-normal model of atmospheric turbulence but also a transmitter with a finite extinction ratio. Given the fixed slot width, the optimal guard time and modulation orders were chosen to achieve the target data rate. And the two performance metrics, BER and outage data rate, were analyzed and discussed with respect to beam divergence angle, scintillation index and zenith angle.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.999-1021
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• 2023

Differential spatial modulation uses the antenna index to transmit information, which improves the spectral efficiency, and completely bypasses any channel side information in the recommended setting. A generalized distributed multiple turbo coded-cooperative differential spatial modulation based on distributed multiple turbo code is put forward and its performances in Rayleigh fading channels is analyzed. The generalized distributed multiple turbo coded-cooperative differential spatial modulation scheme is a coded-cooperation communication scheme, in which we proposed a new joint parallel iterative decoding method. Moreover, the code matched interleaver is considered to be the best choice for the generalized multiple turbo coded-cooperative differential spatial modulation schemes, which is the key factor of turbo code. Monte Carlo simulated results show that the proposed cooperative differential spatial modulation scheme is better than the corresponding non-cooperative scheme over Rayleigh fading channels in multiple input and output communication system under the same conditions. In addition, the simulation results show that the code matched interleaver scheme gets a better diversity gain as compared to the random interleaver.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2011

HDR(high dynamic range) 영상 기법은 일반 카메라에서 획득되는 영상의 LDR(low dynamic range)의 한계를 극복하는 방법을 일컫는다. 일반적으로 이 기법은 카메라의 노출에 따른 단계별 LDR 영상들을 획득하고 통합함으로써 획득된다. 그러나 기존의 연구에서는 여러 번에 걸친 영상획득 과정이 필요하고 그에 따른 고스트(ghost) 현상을 야기한다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여, 본 연구에서는 센서에서 획득되는 단일 Bayer 영상으로부터 사용자가 요구하는 노출의 LDR 영상을 채널상관성을 고려하여 추정할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 먼저 입 출력 간의 상관관계를 나타내는 노출(exposure) look-up table(LUT)를 각 채널별로 생성을 한다. 그리고 입력 영상의 평균휘도와 노출을 LUT에 적용하여, 최종 LDR 영상을 위한 새로운 노출을 추정한다. 다음으로 입력 영상의 각 픽셀 값과 추정된 노출을 LUT에 적용함으로써 목적하는 밝기를 가지는 LDR 영상을 추정 할 수 있다. 이 때, 포화된 영역의 경우는 채널의 상관성을 고려하여 추정함으로써 실제 노출로 획득한 영상과의 차이를 줄이는 방법을 제안하였다. 결과영상은 PSNR을 비교하여 정확성을 증명하였으며, 또한 디스플레이를 위하여 톤맵핑(tone mapping)을 적용한 영상을 사용한 비교에서 실제 획득된 영상과 추정한 영상의 차이가 비슷함을 확인하였다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.165-186
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• 2007

With the advent of a wide variety of Internet shopping malls, consumers can choose a best appealing shopping mall from among the Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Player malls. Pure-Players launched their operation grandiosely with the early stage of Internet use in 1995. However, after the burst of Dot-com company bubbles in 1997, Pure-Players introduce various types of business models to meet potential needs of consumers. While Pure-Players suffer skeptical views from market analysts as well as consumers, traditional offline companies learned important lessons from Dot-com companies collapse phenomena, and expanded their business channels into online in the name of Bricks-and-Clicks. Nowadays, Bricks-and-Clicks successfully establish in the market as one of reliable business partners among consumers. Therefore, it is no surprise that recent competitions between Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players become fiercer than ever to attract potential customers to their websites. In this situation, consumers can choose a shopping mall to their best satisfaction. Consumers can enjoy both offline and online options for shopping because Bricks-and Clicks provide both offline and online channels to consumers, which is compared with Pure-Players offering only online channel. Offline channel is unique in providing consumers with chances to touch and feel target products and services. Meanwhile, online channel is considered very viable and convenient shopping options for consumers. In this respect, it is easily assumed that consumers will show different online shopping behavior when they have to choose either Bricks-and-Clicks mall or Pure-Player mall for the sake of shopping. Remaining research issue in this case is how much consumers' schema would influence online shopping behavior between Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. Basically, schema is a framework for synthetic information recognition that individual consumers have and is very characteristic in that it focuses not on fragmentary facts but on the combination of various causes affecting results. Consumers' schema is closely represented by trust, structural assurance, and perceived relative advantage towards a specific type of shopping mall. In literature, there exist a lot of studies comparing Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. However, there is no study to pursue the analysis of consumer behaviors comparing Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players from the schema perspective. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this research gap. Empirical analysis is adopted by garnering valid questionnaires from 514 Internet shopping mall users. 237 were mainly using Bricks-and-Clicks for shopping, while 277 were found to visit Pure-Players for shopping. PLS was applied to analyze the survey data to verify the proposed research hypotheses. Findings from the empirical test results are as follows. First, consumers perceive more trust and relative advantage in Pure-Players, comparing with Bricks-and-Clicks. This result is against widely-accepted perception that Bricks-and-Clicks would be perceived by consumers as more trustworthy and relatively advantageous because they have offline reputation and stores. Therefore, it becomes more obvious that Internet is becoming daily necessaries, and consumers increasingly feel very comfortable in using the Internet for their own personal purposes. Second, consumers have firm faith in transaction safety, regardless Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. This seems due to the fact that most of shopping malls showing dubious transaction safety have no place in the market. In a nutshell, empirical results tell us that Pure-Players will grow very much in the future, to the extent that consumers perceive no difference in comparison with Bricks-and-Clicks. Besides, consumers' schema accumulated through trust and perceived relative advantage plays crucial role in determining consumer behavior.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2008

도시개발이 불가피한 상황에서 하천 생태환경을 안정적으로 유지하기 위해서는 인위적 간섭이 하천에 미치는 영향을 자세하게 살펴 볼 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 대전시의 갑천 유역을 대상으로 인위적 간섭이 도시하천에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 하천관리 방안을 찾아보았다. 갑천에 나타나는 인위적 간섭 특징은 첫째, 상류와 중상류 구간은 치수 중심으로 하천을 정비한 뒤 자연 복원되고 있으나 배후지역에 도시개발이 진행되고 있고 하천 정비가 계획되어 있다. 둘째, 중하류 구간은 배후지역이 시가지로 개발되었고 하도가 여가 공간으로 다듬어져 인공 하천으로 굳어 있다. 셋째, 하류 구간은 배후지역에 도시개발과 함께 하도를 정비하여 하천 지형과 생태계가 불안정한 상태이다. 지금까지 기술 공학 중심의 인위적인 하천 관리 때문에 갑천의 하천 지형과 식생은 파괴되었고 생태계 다양성도 잃고 있다. 앞으로 도시하천 관리는 첫째, 사람이 이용하는 공간보다는 하천이 자연 시스템을 유지할 수 있도록 하는데 초점을 맞추어야 한다. 둘째, 도시개발을 할 때 배후지역의 자연환경 특성을 고려하고 하천에 직접적인 영향을 주는 구릉지, 배후습지, 하도의 사력퇴적지와 습지는 보전해야 한다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권14호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2008

애니메이션 작업에 있어 컴퓨터는 꼭 필요한 도구가 되었다. 그러나 컴퓨터와 그에 따른 소프트웨어들의 특성을 잘 파악하지 못할 경우 노력에 상응하는 결과물을 만들지 못할 수도 있다. 이미지 포맷의 부정확한 이해에서 이러한 경우가 발생하기도 한다. 대다수 작업자들은 제작공정 속에서 이미지 포맷을 습관적으로 선택하는 경우가 많으나, 이미지 포맷은 분명한 기능적 차이를 가지고 있으며 그 효율적 사용법도 다르다. 그러므로 보다 효율적인 작업을 위해 애니메이션 작업에 주로 사용되는 여러 종류의 이미지 포맷들을 특성을 파악하는 것이 필요하다. 먼저 오늘날 통신, 데이터저장 등 컴퓨터 전반에서 널리 쓰이는 데이터 압축의 두 종류인 손실 압축과 비손실 압축의 원리와 이미지표현의 서로 다른 구조인 비트맵 방식과 벡터 방식의 차이점, 24비트 트루 컬러와 8피트 알파채빌 등을 살펴보았다. 이러한 특성들을 토대로 2D, 3D, 합성, 편집 등 여러 형태의 애니메이션 작업 간에 사용되는 이미지 포맷들의 기능적 차이점과 그에 따른 장단점을 분석하였으며 실험을 통하여 JPG 파일이 컴퓨터 작업 중에 적은 용량을 차지할 것이라는 생각이 잘못된 것임을 증명하였다. 결론적으로 용량, 기능, 화질을 고려할 때, 편집, 합성, 3D, 2D를 막론하고 가장 효율적인 포맷으로는 TIF 포맷을 제안하며 학교 교육에서는 어도비사의 교육용 프로그램을 많이 사용하므로 호환성과 기능이 우수한 PSD 포맷을 제안하였다. 본 논문이 학교 교육에서나 실무 작업에서 이미지 포맷을 선택함에 있어 기준이 되기를 기대한다.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.315-335
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• 2015

The New Way of Working (NWOW) is changing the world in which we work today. The principles of NWOW are based on freedom of time and place to work, and steering on output (results) instead of input (presence). As NWOW is a relatively new phenomenon, research on the effect of NWOW on knowledge sharing in organizations is scarce. In this research two multiple-case studies were performed to investigate the effect of the New Way of Working on knowledge. In the first study (A) different knowledge sharing scenarios were used at organizations that were in the process of implementing NWOW. This provided the opportunity to compare the sharing of knowledge between 'NWOW workers' and employees that still worked in the traditional way (non-NWOW workers). In total 216 scenario results were evaluated to determine differences in channel choice between the traditional and new work environment. For the second study (B) a Knowledge Sharing Framework was developed, based on the theories of Nonaka and Alavi & Leidner. This framework was used to determine the type of knowledge shared, e.g. tacit or explicit knowledge, in 84 situations. Additionally, to measure the level of NWOW adoption, a NWOW Analysis Monitor was used. The results show that NWOW workers use more different communication channels than traditional workers. When knowledge workers become more mobile, they will exchange knowledge less explicit (codified) and more tacit (personalized), use less face-to-face communication, but more video calls and e-mail. The adoption of the principles of NWOW seems to have a balancing effect on the knowledge that is shared in a tacit and explicit way, which in the view of Scheepers et al. is an effective knowledge sharing strategy. The research results show organizations need to realize that the New World of Working is affecting the way knowledge is shared. Missing out on this development may result in the loss of important knowledge and impact the operation of organizations.