• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.137-151
• /
• 1994

In order to evaluate objectively the anxiety level in dental treatment, the author used Biotrainer(BF-120R), one of the skin temperature biofeedback apparatus, to examine 68 dental outpatients on their digital skin temperature change due to routine consecutive dental procedures(oral examination, anesthetic injection, cavity preparation, fissure sealing, polishing). The subjective anxiety level change was also evaluated by visual analog scale. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The skin temperature decreased through consecutive procedures and the temperature in each procedure decreased until 60sec, and then increased on 120sec. 2. The temperature changes in Preparation and Injection were greater than those in other procedures. 3. Generally, male exhibited more change of skin temperature in all procedures than female. 4. Type II, continuously decreasing after procedure, occupied the most in all patients and yhad the lowest beseline temperature. 5. The anxiety level of before-procedure was higher than that of after-procedure and the levels in Injection and Preparation were higher than in other procedures.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.15 no.8
• /
• pp.2944-2958
• /
• 2021

Today, online education is becoming more important. The effectiveness of online education has been measured by student satisfaction and the possibility of substituting offline education. This study proposes a plan to increase the effectiveness of education in a new form by using online information. Education is the process of socializing and growing learners. Representative negative emotions experienced by learners are stress, anxiety, and depression (SAD). A reduction in SAD will promote student growth and improve educational outcomes. This paper considers online information by dividing it into online educational information support (OEDIS) and online emotional information support (OEMIS). We demonstrate that OEDIS reduces SAD, and OEMIS reduces stress and anxiety. By providing online information, negative emotions can be reduced, and educational outcomes can be improved. This study suggests a new role for online information support, such as emotional change in individuals and solving psychological problems. Online information support goes beyond knowledge transfer and can be used in various fields, such as online education that promotes human growth and positive change, and even healthcare.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2020

This study conducted a horticultural therapy program for trainees entrusted to the Juvenile Classification Review Center in order to fill the educational gap while providing emotional stability during the one-month period of commissioned education. The effects of horticultural therapy were examined by the pretest and posttest changes of the emotional items such as anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy and stress index. As the research method, this study used the one-group pretest-posttest experimental design on 16 female trainees of commissioned education staying at the Juvenile Classification Review Center in the juvenile reformatory located in A city. The horticultural therapy program was carried out in four sessions: two on flower arrangement and two on planting. The scores before and after the horticultural therapy program were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) to examine the effects of horticultural therapy on the reduction of anxiety for the adolescents staying in the Juvenile Classification Review Center. The results show that there was significant decrease in the mean of anxiety from 62.5 (SD = 6.8) to 57.6 (SD = 8.1) points after the program (p = .002). There was no significant change in self-esteem, which was 76.9 (SD = 11.2) before the horticultural therapy and 78.3 (SD = 8.7) after the therapy (p = .420). In self-efficacy, there was no significant change from 72.9 (SD = 10.9) before and 75.1 (SD = 11.0) after horticultural therapy (p = .178). In order to examine the physiological changes in such emotional functions, this study measured the stress index using the uBioMacpa as the tool. The result of the measurement showed that there was a significant change in the mean from 33.8 (SD = 2.3) before to 31.1 (SD = 2.2) after the horticultural therapy (p < .001).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.136-143
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The feasibility and differential effects of two music therapy methods (interventions with preferred music vs. classical relaxation music) were done to examine the effects on agitation and anxiety in patients weaning off mechanical ventilation. Methods: This pilot study was conducted using a crossover design. Six patients listened to preferred music choices and classical relaxation music. Anxiety scores were measured using the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Patients showed a significant decrease in agitation and anxiety after both the preferred and classical relaxation music interventions. The difference in the effects of preferred music and that of classical relaxation music was not significant. As for feasibility, patients exhibited a change in agitated behaviors after the music interventions by not trying to take off medical devices and quietly listening to the music, and by smiling and moving lips along with the lyrics while listening. Conclusion: Music interventions which centered on either patients' preferences or classical relaxation music to enhance relaxation, helped reduce agitation and anxiety during the mechanical ventilation weaning process.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.227-240
• /
• 2008

Cognitive conflict is well recognized as an important factor in conceptual change and is widely used in developing constructivism-based curricula. However, cognitive conflicts can also contribute to student anxiety during learning, which, when not properly addressed, can have negative impacts on students' motivation and achievement. Therefore, instructors need to be aware of the impacts of introducing cognitive conflicts in their instruction. We need a practical instrument that can help identify the existence and features of cognitive conflicts introduced by the instruction and the resulting anxiety. Based on the literature on studies of cognitive conflicts and student anxiety, we developed a quantitative instrument, the In-class Conflict and Anxiety Recognition Evaluation (iCARE), and used it to monitor the status of students' cognitive conflicts and anxiety in Physics by Inquiry (PBI) classes. In this paper, we introduce this instrument and present the types of information that can be obtained. Research and pedagogical values of this instrument are also discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.596-611
• /
• 2004

Based on conceptual change theory, cognitive conflict is known as an important factor for conceptual change even though there are still questions about its positive and negative effects on science learning. However there are little research which propose types of meaningful(constructive) cognitive conflict in learning science. The purpose of this study is to find out how are the anxiety types of cognitive conflict to which high school students respond in the action-reaction task, and to reveal what's the characteristic of the explanatory hypothesis according to the anxiety types. The result of this study indicated that first, the characteristics of the anxiety types of the cognitive conflict were classified as eight types. Especially the students who belong to the types of conviction of logical misconception and reasonable modification suggested explanatory hypothesis close to physical nature. On the other hand, the students who showed other types of anxiety except the two types of anxiety suggested temporary supported hypothesis or simple explanatory hypothesis based on students' observation and intuition. Finally we discussed the importance and the implication of the types of anxiety in applying the cognitive conflict strategy to science instruction.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.539-547
• /
• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to determine the effects of aromatherapy on anxiety and discomfort for patients who were having colonoscopy. Methods: The study used a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 48 people who were undergoing colonoscopy in a university hospital. The experimental group inhaled a blend of essential oil with neroli, camomile, lavender and lemon through an aroma stone for 5minutes before the examination. Then the aroma stone was put on the side of the pillow to spread the aroma scent in the room. The experimental group could inhale the aroma scent as soon as they came into the room and during the examination process. The control group received only fundamental nursing care. Results: Aromatherapy significantly decreased VAS anxiety. There were also significant differences in facial change and, tone change for objective discomfort. But there were no significant differences in subjective discomfort between the groups nor were there any significant differences in vital signs. Conclusion: Aromatherapy was perceived as an useful intervention to reduce anxiety and objective discomfort of patients receiving colonoscopy. The results of this study could be utilized as a clinical nursing intervention.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.150-160
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study was to examine how an invasive procedures education program affected the anxiety and supportive behavior of mothers with hospitalized children, and to help provide an efficient to improve their maternal role performance by boosting their supportive behavior. Method: To evaluate their anxiety, Spilberger(1972)'s Anxiety Inventory that was translated by Kim Jeong-taek, et al.(1978) was employed, and Weon Dae-yeoung(1999)'s modified version of Melnyx(1994)'s Index of Parent Support During Instructive Procedure was utilized to assess their supportive behavior. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS program. Statistical data on real number and percentage were acquired, and $x^2$-test and t-test were conducted. Result: There was a more favorable change in the anxiety(trait anxiety and state anxiety) of the experimental group that participated in an invasive procedures education program(a mean of -0.14) than in that of the control group that didn't(a mean of 0.16). The experimental group(an average of 4..65) outstripped the control group(a mean of 3.42) in that regard. Conclusions: The invasive procedures education program that catered to the mothers with hospitalized children turned out to be effective in easing their anxiety and enhancing their supportive behavior.

• Journal of Family Relations
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.3-24
• /
• 2018

Objective: This study examined the change of informal labeling self-respect, depression/anxiety, and aggression of adolescents over time and relationship between the intercept and the growth of the variables. Method: 4-year longitudinal panel data(n=2,699), Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS), were analyzed to verify the influence of informal labeling on self-respect, depression/anxiety, and aggression of adolescents. Through latent growth modeling, temporal change of the variables was examined. Results: Analytic results are as follow. First, the initial status of informal labeling had a negative impact on the initial status of self-respect. The slope of informal labeling also had a negative impact on the slope of self-respect. In contrast, the initial status of informal labeling did not have an significant impact on the slope of self-respect. Second, the initial status of informal labeling had a positive impact on the initial status of aggression. The slope of informal labeling had a negative impact on the slope of aggression. In contrast, the initial status of informal labeling did not have an significant impact on the slope of aggression. Third, the initial status of informal labeling had a positive impact on the initial status of depression/anxiety and a negative impact on the slope of depression/anxiety. The slope of informal labeling had a positive impact on the slope of self-respect. Conclusions: The results suggest the importance of informal labeling on self-respect, depression/anxiety, and aggression of adolescents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.1-26
• /
• 1982

The main purpose of this study was to test the effect of the structured information on the sleep amount of the patients undergoing open heart surgery. This study has specifically addressed to the Following two basic research questions: (1) Would the structed in formation influence in the reduction of sleep disturbance related to anxiety and Physical stress before and after the operation? and (2) that would be the effects of the structured information on the level of preoperative state anxiety, the hormonal change, and the degree of behavioral change in the patients undergoing an open heart surgery? A Quasi-experimental research was designed to answer these questions with one experimental group and one control group. Subjects in both groups were matched as closely as possible to avoid the effect of the differences inherent to the group characteristics, Baseline data were also. collected on both groups for 7 days prior to the experiment and found that subjects in both groups had comparable sleep patterns, trait anxiety, hormonal levels and behavioral level. A structured information as an experimental input was given to the subjects in the experimental group only. Data were collected and compared between the experimental group and the control group on the sleep amount of the consecutive pre and post operative days, on preoperative state anxiety level, and on hormonal and behavioral changes. To test the effectiveness of the structured information, two main hypotheses and three sub-hypotheses were formulated as follows; Main hypothesis 1: Experimental group which received structured information will have more sleep amount than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Main hypothesis 2: Experimental group with structured information will have more sleep, amount than control group without structured information during the week following the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 1: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the level of State anxiety than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Sub-hypothesis 2 : Experimental group with structured information will have lower hormonal level than control group without stuctured information on the 5th day after the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 3: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the behavioral change level than control group without structured information during the week after the open heart surgery. The research was conducted in a national university hospital in Seoul, Korea. The 53 Subjects who participated in the study were systematically divided into experimental group and control group which was decided by random sampling method. Among 53 subjects, 26 were placed in the experimental group and 27 in the control group. Instruments; (1) Structed information: Structured information as an independent variable was constructed by the researcher on the basis of Roy's adaptation model consisting of physiologic needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence needs as related to the sleep and of operational procedures. (2) Sleep amount measure: Sleep amount as main dependent variable was measured by trained nurses through observation on the basis of the established criteria, such as closed or open eyes, regular or irregular respiration, body movement, posture, responses to the light and question, facial expressions and self report after sleep. (3) State anxiety measure: State Anxiety as a sub-dependent variable was measured by Spi-elberger's STAI Anxiety scale, (4) Hormornal change measure: Hormone as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the cortisol level in plasma. (5) Behavior change measure: Behavior as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the Behavior and Mood Rating Scale by Wyatt. The data were collected over a period of four months, from June to October 1981, after the pretest period of two months. For the analysis of the data and test for the hypotheses, the t-test with mean differences and analysis of covariance was used. The result of the test for instruments show as follows: (1) STAI measurement for trait and state anxiety as analyzed by Cronbachs alpha coefficient analysis for item analysis and reliability showed the reliability level at r= .90 r= .91 respectively. (2) Behavior and Mood Rating Scale measurement was analyzed by means of Principal Component Analysis technique. Seven factors retained were anger, anxiety, hyperactivity, depression, bizarre behavior, suspicious behavior and emotional withdrawal. Cumulative percentage of each factor was 71.3%. The result of the test for hypotheses show as follows; (1) Main hypothesis, was not supported. The experimental group has 282 minutes of sleep as compared to the 255 minutes of sleep by the control group. Thus the sleep amount was higher in experimental group than in control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (2) Main hypothesis 2 was not supported. The mean sleep amount of the experimental group and control group were 297 minutes and 278 minutes respectively Therefore, the experimental group had more sleep amount as compared to the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. Thus, the main hypothesis 2 was not supported. (3) Sub-hypothesis 1 was not supported. The mean state anxiety of the experimental group and control group were 42.3, 43.9 in scores. Thus, the experimental group had slightly lower state anxiety level than control group, howe-ver, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (4) Sub-hypothesis 2 was not supported. . The mean hormonal level of the experimental group and control group were 338 ㎍ and 440 ㎍ respectively. Thus, the experimental group showed decreased hormonal level than the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (5) Sub-hypothesis 3 was supported. The mean behavioral level of the experimental group and control group were 29.60 and 32.00 respectively in score. Thus, the experimental group showed lower behavioral change level than the control group. The difference was statistically significant at .05 level. In summary, the structured information did not influence the sleep amount, state anxiety or hormonal level of the subjects undergoing an open heart surgery at a statistically significant level, however, it showed a definite trends in their relationships, not least to mention its significant effect shown on behavioral change level. It can further be speculated that a great degree of individual differences in the variables such as sleep amount, state anxiety and fluctuation in hormonal level may partly be responsible for the statistical insensitivity to the experimentation.