• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 1975

The following tumors occurring naturally in the dog were studied pathologically and discussed briefly. Tumors of the skin and subcutis: Fibroma, Lipoma, Epidermal cyst, Melanosarcoma, Sweat gland adenoma, Mastocytoma (2 cases), Mastosarcoma, and Sebaceous gland carcinoma. Tumors of the spleen and lymph node: Fibrosarcoma of the capsule of spleen, Leiomysarcoma of the spleen, and Lymphosarcoma of the lymph node (2 cases). Tumors of the lung: Bronchogenic carcinoma (3 cases), Adenocarcinoma type, Squamous carcinoma type, and Undifferentiated (round cell) carcinoma type respectively. Tumors of the alimentary tract and liver: Fibroma of the stomach, Hemangioma of the liver, Bile duct carcinoma, Liver cell carcinoma, and Myelogenous leukemia manifested in the liver. Tumor of the peritoneum: Fibrosarcoma. Tumors of the urogenital system: Fibroma of the uterus, Fibroma of the prepuce, Follicular cyst of the ovary, Transmissible venereal tumor of the vagina (6 cases), Carcinoma of the kidney, Adenoma of the prostate (2 cases), and Seminoma of the testis. Tumors of the mammary gland: Mixed tumor (2 cases), and Myoepithelioma. Tumor of the nervous system: Neurofibrosarcoma of the thigh.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1998

Purpose : A precise NMR technique for measuring the rate of water exchange and cell membrane permeability across the hepatocyte membrane using liver-specific MR contrast agent is described. Materials and Methods : The rat hepatocytes isolated by perfusion of the livers were used for the NMR measurements. All experiments were performed on an IBM field cycling relaxometer operating from 0.02MHz to 60 MHz proton Larmor frequency. spin-echo pulse sequence was empolyed to measure spin-lattice relaxation time, T1. The continuous distribution analysis of water proton T1 data from rat hepatocytes containing low concentrations of the liver specific contrast agent, Gd-EOB-DTPA, modeled by a general two compartment exchange model. Results : The mean residence time of water molecule inside the hepatocyte was approximately 250 msec. The lower limit for the permeability of the hepatocyte membrane was $(1.3{\pm}0.1){\;}{\times}{\;}10^{-3}cm/sec$. The CONTIN analysis, which seeks the natural distribution of relaxation times, reveals direct evidence of the effect of diffusive exchange. the diffusive water exchange is not small in the intracellular space in the case of hepatocytes. Conclusions : Gd-EOB-DTPA, when combined with continuous distribution analysis, provides a robust method to study water exchange and membrane permeability in hepatocytes. Water exchange in hepatocyte is much slower thatn that in red blood cells. Therefore, tissue-specific contrast agent may be used as a functional agent to give physiological information such as cell membrane permeability.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1991

In order to assess the effects of radiofrequency-induced local hyperthermia on the normal liver, histopathologic findings and biochemical changes after localized hyperthermia in canine liver were studied. Hyperthermia was externally adminsitered using the Thermotron RF-8 (Yamamoto Vinyter Co., Japan; Capacitive type heating machine) with parallel opposed electrodes. Thirteen dogs were used and allocated into one control group (N=3) and two treatment groups according to the treatment temperature. Group I (N=5) was heated with $42.5\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ 30 minutes, and Group II (N=5) was heated with $45\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 15-30 minutes. Samples of liver tissue were obtained through a needle biopsy immediately after hyperthermia and T,14, and 28 days after treatment. Blood samples were obtained before treatment and W, 3,5, 7,14 and 28 days after treatment and examined for SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase. Although SGOT and SGPT were elevated after hyperthermia in both groups (three of five in each group), there was no liver cell necrosis or hyperthermia related mortality in Group 1. A hydropic swelling of hepatocytes was prominent histologic finding. Hyperthermia with $45^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes was fatal and showed extensive liver cell necrosis. In conclusion, liverdamage dy heat of $42.5\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes is reversible, and liver damage by heat of $45\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes can be fatal or irreversible. However, these results cannot be applied directly to human trial. Therefore, in erder to apply hyperthermic treatment on human liver tumor safely, close obsewation of temperature with proper thermometry is mandatory. Hyperthermic treatment should be confined to the tumor area while sparing a normal liver as much as possible.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2005

Several solvents were used to fractionate an extract obtained from the chapped root bark of Ulmus davidiana Planchon. The each fractionary part was condensed under reduced pressure and then examined to investigate the inhibitory effect on MMPs by modified gelatin zymography, where EA fraction showed the inhibition effect on the activity of MMPs. A compound showing inhibition effect on the MMPs was isolated and purified from EA fraction. Under IR, $^1H$- and $^{13}C$- NMR analyses it is very close to a catethin. This substance showed 48% inhibition effect on measurement of MMP-9 activity at 5 mM and 43% at 10 mM. To verify the effect of this substance on cells, human hepatoma, SK-Hep-1 cells as a cancer model, and Chang liver cells as a normal model were selected. MTT assay was performed to examine the cell viability by treatment of $1{\mu}L/mL$ of the purified substance on cells. The purified substance showed negligible toxicity on human liver cell line.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2006

To study the signaling effect of insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-1), transgenic mice containing IGF-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) cDNA fused to metallothionein promoter were produced by DNA microinjection into the pronucleus of mouse zygote. Three founders were produced with transgenic mice containing IGF-1R gene. Transgenic mice lines contained approximately $4{\sim}20$ copies of transgenes per cell and transmission of this gene into the progeny with Mendelian manner were determined. The founder mice were mated with normal mice to produce $F_1$ mice and then $F_2$ mice. Transmission rates of IGF-1R transgene in the progeny mice were $25{\sim}60%$ in $F_1$ generation and $40{\sim}50%$ in $F_2$ generation. The mRNA expression of IGF-1R transgene in liver was analyzed using RT-PCR for IGF-1R gene in liver. When body weights of transgenic pups were measured during 4, 10 and 14 weeks after birth, IGF-1R transgenic mice grew faster than non transgenic littermates. This study indicated that growth regulation by IGF-1 signaling through IGF-1R can be elucidated using IGF-1R transgenic mice.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.255-260
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• 1999

In the previous report, E-kong-san, which is usually used for recovering health in traditional medicine, has been shown to decrease cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. The significant reduction of E-kong-san on the cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity led us to investigate whether the effect of this water extract was a result of triggering antioxidation. In monkey kidney Vero cells, E-kong-san at $5{\sim}10\;mg/ml$ was able to attenuate 2mM cisplatin-stimulated cell death by 46.8% and 31.8%, respectively. E-kong-san showed strong free radical scavengering activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) generated superoxide anion radical $(O_2^{-.})$. We further studied the effects of E-kong-san on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods. Moreover, E-kong-san exhibited significant inhibition on both ascorbic $acid/Fe^{2+}$ and $ADP/NADPH/Fe^{3+}$ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Based on these results, we suggest that E-kong-san protects the cisplatin induced cytotoxicity by its antioxidative mechanism.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.126-128
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• 2012

We report on a case of severe hepatotoxicity in a 52-year-old male with multiple myeloma (MM) who had received bortezomib therapy. At patient presentation, liver enzymes were normal, but started to markedly increase 3 days after the patient's second dose of bortezomib was administered, when free kappa light chains were noticeably reduced in the serum. After discontinuation of bortezomib, liver enzymes recovered gradually to baseline. Then, the patient was started on a thalidomide-containing regimen, which he was able to tolerate well. The patient achieved complete remission prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). The patient underwent ASCT without occurrence of further liver toxicity.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-lipogenic effect of Sobuncheong-eum on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in free fatty acid induced cellular model. Methods : HepG2 cells were treated with palmitate for 24h to overload intracellular triglyceride (TG) content in the presence or absence of Sobuncheong-eum extract. After palmitate treatment, Intracellular TG content was measured with TG assay kit. Several lipogenesis related markers, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), were assessed using Western-blot analyses and RT-PCR. Results : Palmitate markedly increased intracellular TG in HepG2 cells, and which were alleviated by coadministered Sobuncheong-eum extract. Sobuncheong-eum extract activated AMPK, which plays a key role in reducing hepatic lipid accumulation, and reduced lipogenic fators, SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS. Conclusions : Taken together, it is conceivable that Sobuncheong-eum has an potential to alleviate steatosis, and which may be mediated by activating AMPK at least in part.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.188-207
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• 2018

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing of biological tissues and organ has become an attractive interdisciplinary research topic that combines a broad range of fields including engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics, and medicine. The 3D bioprinting can be used to produce complex tissue engineering scaffolds based on computer designs obtained from patient-specific anatomical data. It is a powerful tool for building structures by printing cells together with matrix materials and biochemical factors in spatially predefined positions within confined 3D structures. In the field of the 3D bioprinting, three major categories of the 3D bioprinting include the stereolithography-based, inkjet-based, and dispensing-based bioprinting. Some of them have made significant process. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations. Compared with non-biological printing, the 3D bioprinting should consider additional complexities: biocompatibility, degradability of printing materials, cell types, cell growth, cell viability, and cell proliferation factors. Numerous 3D bioprinting technologies have been proposed, and some of them have been making great progress in printing several tissues including multilayered skin, cartilaginous structures, bone, vasculature even heart and liver. This review summarizes basic principles and key aspects of some frequently utilized printing technologies, and introduces current challenges, and prospects in the 3D bioprinting.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7527-7532
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• 2014

Saussurea involucrata is a Mongolian medicinal plant well known for its effects in promoting blood circulation, and anti-inflammation and analgesic functions. Earlier studies reported that Saussurea involucrata has anticancer activity. The purpose of this study was to confirm the anticancer activity of an ethanol extract of Saussurea involucrata against hepatic cancer and elucidate its mechanisms of action. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity, AO/EB staining for apoptotic cells, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and cell cycle distribution in response to Saussurea involucrata extract (SIE). The mRNA expression of caspase-3,-9 and Cdk2 and protein expression of caspase-3,-9, PARP, XIAP, Cdk2 and p21 were analyzed through real time PCR and Western blotting. Treatment with SIE inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation dose- and time-dependently, but SIE only exerted a modest cytotoxic effect on a viability of Chang human liver cells. Cells exposed to SIE showed typical hallmarks of apoptotic cell death. Cell cycle analysis revealed that SIE caused G1-phase arrest in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, Saussurea involucrata ethanol extract has potential cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Its mechanism of action might be associated with the inhibition of DNA synthesis, cell cycle (G1) arrest and apoptosis induction through up-regulation of the protein expressions of caspase-3,-9 a nd p21, degradation of PARP and down-regulation of the protein expression of Cdk2 and XIAP.