• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2004

Although 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) is a powerful carcinogen in several species, limited model system exist to study carcinogenicity of this compound at cellular level. To enhance our under-standing of carcinogenicity of TCDD at cellular level, we investigated micronucleus (MN) frequency as a index of genetic toxicity and whether TCDD can transform the human cells in culture. Normal human cell lines, skin keratinocyte HaCaT, Chang liver and breast MCF10A cells were used. TCDD did not affect the cell viability of the Chang liver, HaCaT and MCF10A cells. The frequency of micronucleus was increased after treatment of TCDD for 24hr in Chang liver and HaCaT cells, but not changed in MCF10A cells. And we observed putative transformed cells in Chang liver cells exposed to 1 $\mu$M TCDD for 2 weeks. The putative transformed cells were also observed in HaCaT cells with subsequent exposure to TCDD (0.1, 1, 10, 100 nM) for 2 weeks after initial exposure to MNNG, but not observed in MCF10A cells. Collectively, these results indicate that the ability of TCDD to induce micronuclei may be involved in cellular transformation of Chang liver and HaCaT cells. Our putative TCDD-transformed cells of Chang liver and HaCaT are expected to provide a clue to the elucidation of TCDD-induced transformation pathway.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

To enhance our understanding of toxicity mediated through the pathway by which TCDD stimulates gene expression, we have investigated genes whose expressions are changed after treatment with TCDD and/or MNNG in human Chang liver cell. First, we treated with MNNG and TCDD for two weeks to transform human Chang liver cell. We obtained cell looks like to be transformed and compared the differential gene expression by using cDNA chip (Macrogen) which carrys genes related with signal transduction pathways, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, etc. We found that TCDD up- or down-regulated 203 and 111 genes including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in human Chang liver cell two fold or more, respectively. Second, we compared the differential gene expression after treatment with TCDD only by using cDNA chip (Superarray) which carrys genes related with cell cycle regulations, and found that TCDD up regulated genes related with cell proliferation as well as cell growth inhibition in human Chang liver cell two fold or more, respectively. These results suggest that toxicity induced by TCDD may reflect sustained alterations in the expression of many genes and that the changes reflect both direct and indirect effects of TCDD.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 1990

CT guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the liver for both cytologic and histologic examination has great value in diagnosing liver malignancy. From March, 1986 to April, 1990, 62 patients with the clinical impression of liver malignancy underwent CT guided percutaneous FNA biopsy. Of these, 43 cases were reviewed for this study, 19 were reported to be liver cell carcinoma, 2 were adenocarcinoma, 11 were reported as anaplastic cell present, and the rest (11 cases) were negative (9) or necrotic (2). Among the 11 cases of the last group, 9 were diagnosed as liver cell carcinoma and 2 were necrotic histologically. Retrospective review, in order to clarify the cause of cytologic diagnostic error, of both cytologic and histologic slides of all cases showed discordance of 23% between these diagnoses and sensitivity is 93.9% and specificity is 90.9%. The reasons were as follows ; 1) the lack of awareness of tumor cells of well differentiated liver cell carcinoma (4 cases), 2) missed tumor cells due to too scanty cellularity (1 case), 3) improper smear (2 cases) and no tumor cell In the cytologic smears (3 cases). In such cases, at the initiation of FNA, a correct diagnosis of liver malignancy could only be made by a combination of cytologic and histologic examinations. However after three years' experience we can conclude that cytomorphologic features of liver cell carcinoma are sufficiently distinctive from other liver malignancies to be diagnostic.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.442-449
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidative activities and tissue cell of mouse liver added caffeine. The body weight of all experimental groups increased during experimental periods, but the body weight of caffeine-containing groups were lower than those of any other experimental groups. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities tended to decrease significantly with caffeine-containing groups, but increased in control and ginseng-containing groups. Hydroperoxide contents were increase significantly with caffeine-containing groups. Lipid peroxidation levels decreased in ginseng-containing groups, but it increased significantly with caffeine-containing group. Protein contents were a tendency of similar between control and ginseng-containing groups, but it showed a increasing tendency in caffeine-containing groups. Microscopic observation of mouse liver cell were similar tissue in ginseng and caffeine-containing groups, but it showed somewhat more injuring only at the liver cell of anhydrous caffeine group, and became the suspicion in liver diseases. This results show that antioxidative activities are slightly higher in non-caffeine and ginseng-containing drinks than caffeine-cotaining drinks. From this standpoint, we suggest that too much drinking of caffeine-containing drinks for a long time is undesirable.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.457-465
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• 2015

The 15-kDa selenoprotein (Sep15) is a selenoprotein residing in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and implicated in quality control of protein folding. Herein, we established an inducible RNAi cell line that targets Sep15 mRNA in Chang liver cells. RNAi-induced Sep15 deficiency led to inhibition of cell proliferation, whereas cell growth was resumed after removal of the knockdown inducer. Sep15-deficient cells were arrested at the G1 phase by upregulating p21 and p27, and these cells were also characterized by ER stress. In addition, Sep15 deficiency led to the relocation of focal adhesions to the periphery of the cell basement and to the decrease of the migratory and invasive ability. All these changes were reversible depending on Sep15 status. Rescuing the knockdown state by expressing a silent mutant Sep15 mRNA that is resistant to siRNA also reversed the phenotypic changes. Our results suggest that SEP15 plays important roles in the regulation of the G1 phase during the cell cycle as well as in cell motility in Chang liver cells, and that this selenoprotein offers a novel functional link between the cell cycle and cell motility.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2013

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium that are found in cereals and agricultural products. ZEN has been implicated in mycotoxicosis in farm animals and in humans. The toxic effects of ZEN are well known, but the ability of an alkaline Comet assay to assess ZEN-induced oxidative DNA damage in Chang liver cells has not been established. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the Comet assay for the determination of cytotoxicity and extent of DNA damage induced by ZEN toxin, and the second aim was to investigate the ability of N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) to protect cells from ZEN-induced toxicity. In the Comet assay, DNA damage was assessed by quantifying the tail extent moment (TEM; arbitrary unit) and tail length (TL; arbitrary unit), which are used as indicators of DNA strand breaks in SCGE. The cytotoxic effects of ZEN in Chang liver cells were mediated by inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of oxidative DNA damage. Increasing the concentration of ZEN increased the extent of DNA damage. The extent of DNA migration, and percentage of cells with tails were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner following treatment with ZEN toxin (p < 0.05). Treatment with a low concentration of ZEN toxin (25 ${\mu}M$) induced a relatively low level of DNA damage, compared to treatment of cells with a high concentration of ZEN toxin (250 ${\mu}M$). Oxidative DNA damage appeared to be a key determinant of ZEN-induced toxicity in Chang liver cells. Significant reductions in cytolethality and oxidative DNA damage were observed when cells were pretreated with NACA prior to exposure to any concentration of ZEN. Our data suggest that ZEN induces DNA damage in Chang liver cells, and that the antioxidant activity of NACA may contribute to the reduction of ZEN-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity via elimination of oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 1999

Osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the liver is an extremely rare malignancy with poor prognosis. To our knowledge, 5 cases have been reported in English literatures, but there was no report about fine needle aspiration cytologic(FNAC) features. We experienced a case of osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the liver obtained by computed tomography(CT)-guided FNAC and needle biopsy. The cytologic findings mimicked slant cell tumor of the bone. A large hepatic mass of the left lobe with abdominal wall invasion was found by CT in a 46- year-old female complaining of epigastric pain. The FNAC showed moderately cellular smears consisting of osteoclast-like giant cells and mononuclear cells, which were individually scattered or intermingled in clusters. The osteoclast-like giant cells had abundant cytoplasms and multiple small round nuclei with fine chromatin and distinct nucleoli. The mononuclear cells had moderate amount of cytoplasm and relatively bland-looking oval nuclei with single small nucleoli. All of the cytologic features recapitulated the histologic findings of bland-looking osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells evenly dispersed throughout the background of mononuclear cell. The immunohistochemical study showed positive reaction for CD68 and vimentin, but negative for cytokeratin in both osteoclast-like slant cells and mononuclear cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.938-944
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• 1999

The insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) is an important metabolic factor involved in cell growth and metabolism. Although secretion of IGF-I in rat liver is regulated by growth hormone, the effects of forskolin, adenylate cyclase activator, on secretion of IGF-I have not been reported. Therefore, a modified perfused rat liver model was used to investigate the regulatory effects of forskolin on IGF-I secretion in this experiment. The results were summerized as follows : 1. Modified perfused rat liver model was not changed to aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) secretion in time. 2. The IGF-I secretion in hepatic cell was increased by forskolin($10^{-5}$, $10^{-6}$ and $10^{-7}M$) in a dose-dependent manner as compared with those of the controls, and significantly increased by $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-6}$ forskolin(p < 0.05). 3. Secretion of glucose in hepatic cell significantly was decreased by $10^{-5}$ forskolin as compared with those of controls(p < 0.05). These results suggest that forskolin may be involved in the regulation of IGF-I secretion in the perfused rat liver.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4959-4962
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• 2012

The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate prognostic factors associated with survival of patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Included were 200 patients admitted to the Liberation Army General Hospital with a diagnosis of ES-SCLC. The demographics of patients, disease characteristics, pre-treatment biochemical parameters and therapeutic plan were assessed or evaluated. Univariate analysis found that second-line chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and no liver metastasis were associated with improved survival. Tumor response to first-line chemotherapy and normal initial hemoglobin levels were also associated with a survival benefit (all P-values ${\leq}$ 0.0369). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that liver metastasis and the total number of all chemotherapy cycles were independent prognostic factors of survival. The morbidity risk in patients with liver metastasis was 2.52-fold higher than that in patients without liver metastasis (hazard ratio (HR)=2.52 (1.69-3.76); P<0.0001). However, one unit increase in the total number of chemotherapy cycles decreased the risk of death by 0.86-fold (HR=0.86 (0.80-0.92); P<0.0001). Absence of liver metastasis and ability of a patient to receive and tolerate multiple lines of chemotherapy were associated with longer survival.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Korean Herbal Medicine (KHM) on a Renal Cell Carcinoma with multiple liver metastases patient. Methods: One renal cell carcinoma with multiple liver metastases patient was treated by KHM in conjunction with targeted anticancer agent (Afinitor). The effect of KHM was measured by scanning with Computed Tomography (CT), Blood Test, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale. Results: Multiple hepatic tumors were reduced after the treatment during 5 months (Partial Remission, PR). As treatment was performed, complications induced by targeted anticancer agent (Afinitor) were alleviated. Conclusions: This case provides us a possibility that Korean Herbal Medicine offers potential benefits for renal cell carcinoma with multiple liver metastases patient.