• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.61-70
• /
• 2011

Thin film solar cells with chalcopyrite $CuInSe_2/Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ absorber materials, commonly known as "CIS/CIGS solar cells" have recently attracted significant research interest as a potential alternative energy-harvesting system for the next generation. Among the different deposition techniques available for the CIGS absorber layer, electrodeposition is an effective and low cost alternative to vacuum based deposition methods. This article reviews progress in the area of CIGS solar cells with an emphasis on electrodeposited absorber layer. Existing challenges in fabrication of stoichiometric absorber layer are highlighted.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.06a
• /
• pp.169-171
• /
• 2009

We have fabricated CIGS thin film absorber layers by the evaporation of CIGS powders which were synthesized by solutions with different atomic ratio compositions. We found that the polycrystalline structural properties and optical properties of the deposited CIGS thin films were strongly dependent on the CIGS powder synthesis solution compositions. For three different solution compositions, Cu:In:Ga:Se= 4:3:1:8, 8:3:1:8, 12:3:1,8, the deposited thin film crystalline structures were varied form InSe crystalline structure to CIGS chalcopyrite structures. Our results showed that CIGS powder evaporation is potential for the one step fabrication process for CIGS thin film absorber layer deposition.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.213-221
• /
• 1987

The Donghae mine locates at Jangjoari, Koseongun, Kyongsang-nam-do. The geology of the mine consists of the upper part of Chin dong Formation conformably overlain by tuffaceous Koseong Formation. These formations are intruded by the granodiorite and the basic dikes. The ore mineralization occurs in the fault breccia pipe at the center of a granodiorite stock. The estimated dimension of the breccia pipe is $7m{\times}70m{\times}200m$. The host rock has distinctive hydrothermal alteration halos consisting hematite zone, chlorite zone, epidote zone and sericite zone from outer zone to the ore vein. The ore mineralization occurred in the three distinctive stages. The ore minerals formed in the first stage are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite and tetrahedrite. Galena and arsenopyrite are formed in the second stage. Some sphalerite grains include exsolution dots of the chalcopyrite. It is suggested that the ore mineralization occurred by a boiling of a hydrothermal fluid during its initial stage and subsequent cooling and $CO_2$ fugacity drop of remaining hydrothermal fluid by a ground water mixing aided vertical zoning of the ore minerals.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.223-234
• /
• 1987

This paper describes the mode of occurrence and mineralogical properties of electrum from the Namseong Gold-Silver deposits, for the purpose of obtaining data on the characteristics of the ore deposits and the behavior of gold and silver during the mineralization. The gangue minerals are quartz, calcite, fluorite. Ore minerals are mainly composed of pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena with minor amount of argentite, electrum, pyrargyrite, native silver and unidenfied mineral(Cu-Fe-Ag-S series). Three stage of mineralization recognized are, from early to later, (I) pyrite-electrum stage (II) sphalerite-chalcopyrite-galena-argentite-electrum stage (III) sulfosalts stage. The filling temperature of fluid inclusions in quartz ranges from $225^{\circ}$ to $335^{\circ}C$. The value of sulfur fugacity estimated by means of electrum-tarnish method ranges from $10^{-11.5}$ to $10^{-14}$ atm. The compositional heterogeneity within a single grain with respect to gold concentration is common in the Namseong electrums Chemical composition of electrum ranges generally between 25~45 atom% Au. Its gold content decreases in late stages of mineralization.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 1991

The stability and the electronic structure of $In_0.5$.$Ga_0.5$P-based superlattices are examined through self-consistent ab initio pseudopotential calculations. A chalcopyrite-like structure is found to be the lowest energy state over (001) and (111) monolayer superlattices (MLS). Our calculations indicate that all the ordered structures in bulk form are unstable against phase segregation into binary constituents at T = 0 while for epitaxial growth, the chalcopyrite phase is stabilized. The fundamental band gaps of the ordered structures are found to be direct and smaller than that of disordered alloys. The lowering of the band gap is explainable by band folding and pushing effects. We find the reduction of the band gap to be largest for the (111) MLS.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 1977

Mineralogical study of original and crushed zinc ores as well as mill products was made in order to find out the cause of low-grade concentrate and the scheme of raising its grade. Low-grade concentrate is due to 1) the abundance of other independent sulfides (arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, stannite) and silicate (quartz) in the zinc concentrate, 2) the presence of composite grains of sphalerite and other sulfides or silicate, 3) the presence of a lot of very fine-grained particle of stannite and chalcopyrite within the sphalerite grains, and 4) the high content of iron in sphalerite. It is proposed that further crushing and other appropriate processing should be made in order to increase the grade of zinc concentrate.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.158-163
• /
• 2011

$CuInS_2$ thin films were prepared using a sol-gel spin-coating method. That makes large scale substrate coating, simple equipment, easy composition control available. The structural and optical properties of $CuInS_2$ thin films that include less toxic materials (S) instead of Se, tetragonal chalcopyrite structure. Copper acetate monohydrate ($Cu(CH_3COO)_2{\cdot}H2O$) and indium acetate ($In(CH_3COO)_3$) were dissolved into 2-propanol and l-propanol, respectively. The two solutions were mixed into a starting solution. The solution was dropped onto glass substrate, rotated at 3000 rpm, and dried at $300^{\circ}C$ for Cu-In as-grown films. The as-grown films were sulfurized inside a graphite container box and chalcopyrite phase of $CuInS_2$ was observed. To determine the optical properties measured optical transmittance of visible light region (380~770 nm) were less than 30 % in the overall. The XRD pattern shows that main peak was observed at Cu/In ratio 1.0 and its orientation was (112). As annealing temperature increases, the intensity of (112) plane increases. The unit cell constant are a = 5.5032 and c = 11.1064 $\AA$, and this was well matched with JCPDS card. The optical transmittance of visible region was below than 30 %.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.108-113
• /
• 2013

Chalcopyrite material $CuInSe_2$ (CIS) is known to be a very prominent absorber layer for high efficiency thin film solar cells. Current interest in the photovoltaic industry is to identify and develop more suitable materials and processes for the fabrication of efficient and cost-effective solar cells. Various processes have been being tried for making a low cost CIS absorber layer, this study obtained the CIS nanoparticles using commercial powder of 6 mm pieces for low cost CIS absorber layer by high frequency ball milling and cryogenic milling. And the CIS absorber layer was prepared by paste coating using milled-CIS nanoparticles in glove box under inert atmosphere. The chalcopyrite $CuInSe_2$ thin films were successfully made after selenization at the substrate temperature of $550^{\circ}C$ in 30 min, CIS solar cell of Al/ZnO/CdS/CIS/Mo structure prepared under various deposition process such as evaporation, sputtering and chemical vapor deposition respectively. Finally, we achieved CIS nanoparticles solar cell of electric efficient 1.74 % of Voc 29 mV, Jsc 35 $mA/cm^2$ FF 17.2 %. The CIS nanoparticles-based absorber layers were characterized by using EDS, XRD and HRSEM.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.191-201
• /
• 2002

The Gubong gold-silver deposits if gold-silver-bearing hydrothermal massive quartz veins which were filled the fractures along fault shear (NE, NW) zones within Precambrian banded or granitic gneiss of Gyeonggi massif. Ore mineralization of this deposits is contained within a single stage of quartz vein which was formed by multiple episodes of fracturing and healing. Ore minerals are comported mainly of arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena with minor amounts of pyrrhotite, marcasite and electrum. The frequency and volume percentages of electrum associated with ore minerals from this deposits are recognized as follows; 44.5% and 54.3% with arsenopyrite, 24.3% and 33.8% with quartz, 12.6% and 0.1% with pyrite, 11.0% and 4.8% with galena, 5.0% and 7.0% with sphalerite and 2.5% and 0.02% with chalcopyrite, respectively. They show irregular (41.6%), subround (34.7%), elongate (17.0%) and granular (6.6%) shapes, respectively. Their grain size ranges from 2 to 150 um, but 90.9 percent of the grains are below 30 um. The chemical composition of electrums ranges from 26.39 to 72.51 Au atomic %. These composition (Au atomic %) on the basis of associated minerals are from 44.97 to 71.75 with arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and quartz, from 44.37 to 72.51 with quartz, from 35.40 to 41.01 with sphalerite and chalcopyrite, from 26.39 to 54.84 with pyrite, chalcopyrite, quartz and galena, from 28.49 to 53.28 with galena, respectively. We suggest that optimum recovery of gold would be obtained with reference to these results.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
• /
• 2001.04a
• /
• pp.328-331
• /
• 2001