• 음성과학
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• 제1권
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• pp.153-200
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• 1997

In languages such as Japanese, it is very common to observe that short peripheral vowel are completely voiceless when surrounded by voiceless consonants. This phenomenon has been known as Montreal French, Shanghai Chinese, Greek, and Korean. Traditionally this phenomenon has been described as a phonological rule that either categorically deletes the vowel or changes the [+voice] feature of the vowel to [-voice]. This analysis was supported by Sawashima (1971) and Hirose (1971)'s observation that there are two distinct EMG patterns for voiced and devoiced vowel in Japanese. Close examination of the phonetic evidence based on acoustic data, however, shows that these phonological characterizations are not tenable (Jun & Beckman 1993, 1994). In this paper, we examined the vowel devoicing phenomenon in Korean using data from ENG fiberscopic and acoustic recorders of 100 sentences produced by one Korean speaker. The results show that there is variability in the 'degree of devoicing' in both acoustic and EMG signals, and in the patterns of glottal closing and opening across different devoiced tokens. There seems to be no categorical difference between devoiced and voiced tokens, for either EMG activity events or glottal patterns. All of these observations support the notion that vowel devoicing in Korean can not be described as the result of the application of a phonological rule. Rather, devoicing seems to be a highly variable 'phonetic' process, a more or less subtle variation in the specification of such phonetic metrics as degree and timing of glottal opening, or of associated subglottal pressure or intra-oral airflow associated with concurrent tone and stricture specifications. Some of token-pair comparisons are amenable to an explanation in terms of gestural overlap and undershoot. However, the effect of gestural timing on vocal fold state seems to be a highly nonlinear function of the interaction among specifications for the relative timing of glottal adduction and abduction gestures, of the amplitudes of the overlapped gestures, of aerodynamic conditions created by concurrent oral tonal gestures, and so on. In summary, to understand devoicing, it will be necessary to examine its effect on phonetic representation of events in many parts of the vocal tracts, and at many stages of the speech chain between the motor intent and the acoustic signal that reaches the hearer's ear.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2016

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death. Alterations in gene sequence, structure, and expression have an important role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Fusion genes and alternative splicing of cancer-related genes have the potential to be oncogenic. In the current study, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate potential fusion genes and alternative splicing in non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: RNA was isolated from lung tissues obtained from 86 subjects with lung cancer. The RNA samples from lung cancer and normal tissues were processed with RNA-seq using the HiSeq 2000 system. Fusion genes were evaluated using Defuse and ChimeraScan. Candidate fusion transcripts were validated by Sanger sequencing. Alternative splicing was analyzed using multivariate analysis of transcript sequencing and validated using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Results: RNA-seq data identified oncogenic fusion genes EML4-ALK and SLC34A2-ROS1 in three of 86 normal-cancer paired samples. Nine distinct fusion transcripts were selected using DeFuse and ChimeraScan; of which, four fusion transcripts were validated by Sanger sequencing. In 33 squamous cell carcinoma, 29 tumor specific skipped exon events and six mutually exclusive exon events were identified. ITGB4 and PYCR1 were top genes that showed significant tumor specific splice variants. Conclusion: In conclusion, RNA-seq data identified novel potential fusion transcripts and splice variants. Further evaluation of their functional significance in the pathogenesis of lung cancer is required.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.334-344
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• 2009

EPCglobal 네트워크는 EPC(Electronic Product Code)와 RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) 기술을 바탕으로 제품에 식별번호를 부여하고 정보를 저장할 수 있는 공간을 네트워크로 연동하여 공급자, 수요자, 소비자가 제품에 관련된 정보를 알 수 있게 해주는 시스템이다. 또한 EPCglobal 아키텍처 프레임워크는 EPC를 사용하여 공급과 유통망 강화라는 업체간의 공동 목표를 위한 서비스하는 것이다. 국내 수출입 물류와 관련하여 기 구축된 물류정보 인프라를 활용하면서 RFID 환경 하에서의 수출입 물류 프로세스의 정의와 각 거점별 용어의 정의가 필요하다. 따라서 이 논문은 EPCglobal 네트워크 프레임 아키텍처의 이벤트 정의 시 사용될 표준 어휘를 제공하고, XML 구현을 통해 실제 사용 가능한 환경을 지원할 것이다. 그러므로 정의된 어휘는 EPCglobal 네트워크의 사건 기술과 XML 구현을 통한 실질적으로 사용 가능한 플랫폼 제공에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권12호
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• pp.994-999
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• 2010

Purpose: Mitochondrial dysfunction can present with various symptoms depending on the organ it has affected. This research tried to analyze the ophthalmologic symptoms and ophthalmologic examination (OE) results in patients with mitochondrial disease (MD). Methods: Seventy-four patients diagnosed with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex defect with biochemical enzyme assay were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups based on the OE results by funduscopy and were analyzed on the basis of their clinical features, biochemical test results, morphological analysis, and neuroimaging findings. Results: Thirty-seven (50%) of the 74 MD patients developed ophthalmologic symptoms. Abnormal findings were observed in 36 (48.6%) patients during an OE, and 16 (21.6%) of them had no ocular symptoms. Significantly higher rates of prematurity, clinical history of epilepsy or frequent apnea events, abnormal light microscopic findings in muscle pathology, diffuse cerebral atrophy in magnetic resonance imaging, and brainstem hyperintensity and lactate peaks in magnetic resonance spectroscopy were noted in the group with abnormal OE results. Conclusion: Although the ophthalmologic symptoms are not very remarkable in MD patients, an OE is required. When the risk factors mentioned above are observed, a more active approach should be taken in the OE because a higher frequency of ocular involvement can be expected.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4_spc호
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• pp.755-774
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• 2024

The main objective of this study was to present data on the current situation and future trends of pig meat production in the European Union-27 (EU). Pig production has played an important social and economic role for centuries in many states of the EU. In 2022, pig meat production in the EU reached 23 M tons, which represented 21% of total production worldwide. The two key reasons that justify such amount of pork produced, are the acceptance and high consumption of the meat by the local population and the high quality of the meat produced which facilitated pork export. However, current data show a reduction in pork production for the last three years, as a consequence of a series of events that include i) problems with the chain of ingredients supply, ii) uncontrolled increase in African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreaks, iii) fast recovery of pig production in China, iv) increasing concerns by the rural population on the high cost to meet future requirements of the EU legislation on farm management, environmental sustainability and animal welfare, v) increased cost of all inputs involved in pig production and vi) limited interest of the new farmer generation to work on the pig sector. Consequently, pork production is expected to decrease in the EU for the next years, although sales will be maintained at a relative high level because pork is the meat preferred by local consumers in most EU countries. In order to maintain the favourable position of the pork industry in the near future, strategies to implement include: i) maintain the quality of the meat destinated to export markets, ii) improve the control of outbreaks of ASF and other swine diseases, iii) implementation of technological innovations to improve working conditions making more attractive to work in the pork sector of the food chain to the new generation of farmers and workers.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.639-644
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• 2019

Diarrhea is one of the most common infectious diseases known worldwide. However, few studies have examined anaerobic diarrhea-causing bacteria (DB), which are difficult to culture. Recent advances in molecular biology have facilitated the detection and analysis of anaerobic DB. In this study, long-term trends in anaerobic DB were evaluated in Korea. From 2010 to 2018, symptoms of diarrhea reported were analyzed among patients hospitalized at the Dankook University Hospital in Korea. Results of multiplex polymerase chain reaction based on seasonality, age, overlapping infection, and other factors in patients were evaluated. DB were detected in 38.2% of 1716 stool specimens in the duration of the study. Of the pathogens detected using this method, 49.8% (n = 405/813) were anaerobic bacteria, including Clostridioides perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Clostridioides difficile toxin B, and Aeromonas spp. Among the four anaerobic bacteria, Clostridioides perfringens was the most commonly occurring (15.5%; n = 126/813). Detection rates of Clostridioides perfringens, Clostridioides difficile toxin B, and Aeromonas spp. were 34.1% (n = 22/55), 34.9% (n = 43/126), and 40.0% (n = 38/109), respectively. The detection rate of Campylobacter spp. (32.7%; n = 37/115) was the highest in patients between 10 and 20 years of age. The detection rate of anaerobic DB showed an increase in 2018 as compared with that in 2010, and the number of events of diarrhea caused by anaerobic DB also increased in this duration. Further studies are required to devise methods that might prevent the proliferation of anaerobic DB.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2015

Objectives: Condurango (Gonolobus condurango) extract is used by complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners as a traditional medicine, including homeopathy, mainly for the treatment of syphilis. Condurango bark extract is also known to reduce tumor volume, but the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Methods: Using a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) as our model, the molecular events behind condurango extract's (CE's) anticancer effect were investigated by using flow cytometry, immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Other included cell types were prostate cancer cells (PC3), transformed liver cells (WRL-68), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results: Condurango extract (CE) was found to be cytotoxic against target cells, and this was significantly deactivated in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that its action could be mediated through ROS generation. CE caused an increase in the HeLa cell population containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage at the G zero/Growth 1 (G0/G1) stage. Further, CE increased the tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and the fas receptor (FasR) levels both at the ribonucleic acid (RNA) and the protein levels, indicating that CE might have a cytotoxic mechanism of action. CE also triggered a sharp decrease in the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) both at the RNA and the protein levels, a possible route to attenuation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and caused an opening of the mitochondrial membrane's permeability transition (MPT) pores, thus enhancing caspase activities. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest possible pathways for CE mediated cytotoxicity in model cancer cells.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2016

In recent years, business environment is faced with multi uncertainty that have not been suffered in the past. As supply chain is getting expanded and longer, the flow of information, material and production is also being complicated. It is well known that development service industry using application software has various uncertainty in random events such as supply and demand fluctuation of developer's capcity, project effective date after winning a contract, manpower cost (or revenue), subcontract cost (or purchase), and overrun due to developer's skill-level. This study intends to social contribution through attempts to optimize enterprise's goal by supply chain management platform to balance demand and supply and stochastic programming which is basically applied in order to solve uncertainty considering economical and operational risk at solution supplier. In Particular, this study emphasizes to determine allocation of internal and external manpower of developers using S&OP (Sales & Operations Planning) as monthly resource input has constraint on resource's capability that shared in industry or task. This study is to verify how Stochastic Programming such as Markowitz's MV (Mean Variance) model or 2-Stage Recourse Model is flexible and efficient than Deterministic Programming in software enterprise field by experiment with process and data from service industry which is manufacturing software and performing projects. In addition, this study is also to analysis how profit and labor input plan according to scope of uncertainty is changed based on Pareto Optimal, then lastly it is to enumerate limitation of the study extracted drawback which can be happened in real business environment and to contribute direction in future research considering another applicable methodology.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.156-160
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• 2013

우리나라에서 미승인 품목인 유전자변형 감자 EH92-527-1를 검출하기 위한 duplex PCR 검사법이 개발되었다. 감자의 내재유전자로 UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP)가 선별되었고, 14개 다른 작물을 이용하여 특이성이 확인되었다. 유전자변형 감자에 삽입된 T-DNA 영역과 감자 게놈 사이의 연결 부위를 증폭하도록 프라이머 EH92-F/R 쌍이 제작되었고, 몇 개의 다른 유전자 변형 작물을 이용하여 특이성이 확인되었다. 서론에서 언급한 바와 같이 BASF사에서 각 개발된 유전자변형 감자 EH92-527-1과 BPS-A1020-5가 GBSS 유전자를 동일하게 포함하고 있으나 본 연구에서 개발한 검사법은 event-specific primers를 이용하였기 때문에 유전자변형 감자 EH92-527-1에만 특이성을 나타낸다. 이와 같이 개발된 duplex PCR 검사법의 검정한계치는 약 0.05%이다. 이러한 duplex PCR 검사법이 우리나라에 미승인 유전자변형 감자의 모니터링에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 판단한다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.188-195
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 적응변조코딩(Adaptive Modulation and Coding) 기법을 사용하는 CDMA 무선 통신 시스템에서의 TCP 성능을 분석한다. AMC를 사용하는 무선 채널은 패킷 손실 확률이 매우 낮고 대역폭이 시간에 따라 크게 변하는 특성을 갖는다. 무선채널 대역폭의 큰 변화 때문에 전송계층 프로토콜로 TCP를 사용하는 경우, TCP에서 timeout이 자주 발생하게 되어 결과적으로 시스템의 처리량(throughput)이 크게 떨어진다. 논문의 분석은 크게 두 부분으로 구성된다. 첫 번째 부분에서는 서버에서 전송되는 TCP 패킷들을 여러 집단으로 나누어 ‘패킷 그룹’이라 정의하고 각각의 패킷 그룹들이 AMC를 사용하는 무선 채널에서 전송되는 시간의 분포를 구하였다. 두 번째 부분에서는 첫 번째 부분의 결과를 토대로 embedded Markov chain을 이용해 TCP timer와 무선 전송을 모델링 하였다. 이 논문의 결과는 AMC를 사용하는 고속 순방향 데이타 전송 시스템인 HSDPA, 1xEV-DO, 1xEV-DV등의 설계와 운영에 지침이 될 수 있을 것이다.