• 품질경영학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

As environmental issues have been become critical concerns of business, many domestic small and medium enterprises(SME's) are rapidly accepting environmental management systems(EMS) that confirm ISO 14001 guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an empirical study carried out on a sample of certified SME's with the aim of identifying obstacles encountered in adopting ISO 14001 standards and the impact of environmental systems on corporate performance after implementation of the ISO 14001 registration process. Data from this study show that the vast majority of respondents reported environmental improvements related to the implementation of an ISO 14001 EMS, especially in the area of employees' participation of the environmental management and responsibilities for reducing negative impacts, energy and resource conservation, materials reuse, and raising top management commitment. The greatest obstacles for implementing the ISO 14001 standard are lack of cooperation and a scarcity of resources such as personnel, money, and time. Results of this study serve as a reference point understanding the problems in the implementation of ISO 14001 in other small and medium firms.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.59-62
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• 2007

A quantitative analysis method of halogen elements in volatile organohalogen compounds was established by the Wickbold combustion pretreatment in an enclosed system and ion chromatography. The sample pretreatment parameters of Wickbold combustion were experimentally optimized, and using the determined optimal pretreatment parameters, the reproducibility was estimated by ion chromatography. As a comparison for real samples, NIST certified reference materials (CRMs) were analyzed for the recovery efficiency and reproducibility.

• 분석과학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.284-294
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• 2010

하천수 시료를 이용한 중금속분석용 수질표준물질, NIER-I08RW 및 NIER-I09를 제조하여 납, 카드뮴, 크롬, 구리 등 중금속 4 종에 대한 인증분석 및 불확도 등을 평가하였다. 균질성 평가 결과, 병간균질도가 숙련도시험의 목표표준편차의 0.3 배 이하로서 숙련도시험용 시료로서 사용하기에 충분히 균질한 시료인 것으로 확인되었다. 제조된 표준물질을 이용하여 국내 환경측정분석기관을 대상으로 숙련도시험을 실시하고, 설정값의 설정방법에 따른 로버스트 Z 값의 변동을 비교하였다. 다른 항목에 비해 농도가 낮은 NIER-I08RW의 카드뮴 항목을 제외하고는, 특성값과 참가기관의 합의값의 차이인 상대편차, $B_{relative}$는 모두 ${\pm}$1 이하로서 크지 않았으며, 설정값을 달리 설정함으로 Z 값이 달라진 경우는 46 개로서 전체의 2.9%에 불과하였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2021

Background: Phosphogypsum is material produced as a byproduct in fertilizer industry and is generally used for building materials. This material may contain enhanced radium-226 (²²⁶Ra) activity concentration compared to its natural concentration that may lead to indoor radon accumulation. Therefore, an accurate measurement method is proposed in this study to determine ²²⁶Ra activity concentration in phosphogypsum sample, considering the potential radon leakage from the sample container. Materials and Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) phosphogypsum reference material was used as a sample in this study. High-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometry was used to measure the activity concentration of the ²²⁶Ra decay products, i.e., ²¹⁴Bi and ²¹⁴Pb. Marinelli beakers sealed with three different sealing methods were used as sample containers. Due to the potential leakage of radon from the Marinelli beaker (MB), correction to the activity concentration resulted in gamma spectrometry is needed. Therefore, the leaked fraction of radon escaped from the sample container was calculated and added to the gamma spectrometry measured values. Results and Discussion: Total activity concentration of ²²⁶Ra was determined by summing up the activity concentration from gamma spectrometry measurement and calculated concentration from radon leakage correction method. The results obtained from ²¹⁴Bi peak were 723.4 ± 4.0 Bq·kg^-1 in MB1 and 719.2 ± 3.5 Bq·kg^-1 in MB2 that showed about 5% discrepancy compared to the certified activity. Besides, results obtained from ²¹⁴Pb peak were 741.9 ± 3.6 Bq·kg^-1 in MB1 and 740.1 ± 3.4 Bq·kg^-1 in MB2 that showed about 2% difference compared to the certified activity measurement of ²²⁶Ra concentration activity. Conclusion: The results show that radon leakage correction was calculated with insignificant discrepancy to the certified values and provided improvement to the gamma spectrometry. Therefore, measuring ²²⁶Ra activity concentration in TENORM (technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material) sample using radon leakage correction can be concluded as a convenient and accurate method that can be easily conducted with simple calculation.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2011

비표면적은 기능성 나노소재의 특성평가에 있어 매우 중요한 지표가 되고 있다. 하지만 비표면적 측정은 측정방법 및 해석 방법에 따라 결과에 많은 차이가 있어왔다. 국내에 보급된 비표면적 측정장치의 신뢰성 검증을 위하여, 21개 산학연 기관을 대상으로 순회평가(RRT)를 수행하였다. 순회평가 분석 결과 많은 기관에서는 비표면적 측정장비의 흡착량 측정 성능에 문제가 있음을 확인 하였으며, 이는 인증기준물질의 필요성을 확인시켜 주었다. 또한 BET 분석방법이 분석자의 주관에 의해 많이 좌우됨을 확인 하였다. 즉 BET 분석구간의 선택영역에 따라 CRM I의 경우 16% 까지 차이를 줄 수 있음을 확인하였는데, 이는 적정한 BET 구간의 선택을 위한 BET 매개변수 C 값과 fitting 상관계수 R 값에 대한 기준이 필요함을 확인시켜 주었다. 이러한 순회평가의 경험과 검증된 비표면적 인증물질 및 표준 절차서의 보급은 산업계에 신뢰성 있는 비표면적 측정결과를 주게 됨으로서, 일관성 있는 공정운용에 의한 품질관리, 생산성 향상, 안정성 판단 및 신제품 개발 등에 기여할 것이다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.472-476
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• 2014

In this work, a new method that utilizes L-cysteine salicylaldehyde Schiff-base modified macroporous polystyrene resin (PS-CSC) as an effective sorbent has been developed for preconcentration of trace cadmium and lead in environmental water samples. The effect of pH, the contact time, the elution conditions, the flow rate, the initial concentration of target metal ions, and the effects of interfering ions on the preconcentration of the analytes were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of PS-CSC under optimum conditions for cadmium and lead were found to be 6.03 - 18.17 mg/g and 12.58 - 36.13 mg/g when the initial concentration of metal ions between 5.0 - 90 mg/L. The limits of detection for cadmium and lead were 2.46 ng/L and $0.52{\mu}g/L$, with a preconcentration factor of 200. The developed method has been validated by analyzing certified reference material and successfully applied for the enrichment and determination of trace cadmium and lead from environmental water samples.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.51-77
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• 2018

This study aimed to determine eco-friendly factors on the aspects of library service, materials provided or handled by the library, and programs including educational programs. Furthermore, it was setup to perform a trial evaluation for the eco-friendliness of the library based on the determined evaluation standards by this study. Results are as follows; First, regarding the question of 'Do employees of the library think that establishment of green libraries is necessary?', the employees of the libraries responded yes by 65.52%, but only 4.6% responded that it would not be necessary. Second, in analyzing the most important evaluation areas of green libraries according to the opinions of the libraries' employees, they were ranked in order: the indoor environment, energy and prevention of environmental pollution, and material and resource areas. Third, 11 areas were determined to evaluate the level of greening in the libraries; the highest averages were scored 510 for the area of energy and prevention of environmental pollution, 415 for the area of library resource, and 320 for the area of indoor environment. Last, the libraries were graded based on actual data according to the results to measure the level of greening, two libraries were graded as Diamond, the highest grade, accounting for 15.39% of all libraries; Gold and Silver grades accounted for another 15.39%, together five Certified graded libraries accounted for 38.46%, which was the highest rate among the libraries. Any library scoring less than 20% when compared to the full score was graded as Non-certified, and one library, which scored 15.06% fell into this category. The results of this study set up to serve as basic data for the direction of development for green libraries in our country, as well as reference for the employees of libraries in constructing or remodeling library buildings, establishing service infrastructure, providing information service, and planning library duties in an eco-friendly way.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2018

Isotopic analyses of plutonium and low-enriched uranium mixtures with particle sizes of $0.6-3.3{\mu}m$ were performed using thermal ionization mass spectrometry with a continuous heating method to verify its effectiveness for the accurate analysis of minor isotopes without sample pretreatment. The mixed particles used in this study were prepared from a mixed solution of plutonium (SRM 947) and uranium (U010, $^{235}U$ 1% enriched) reference materials. The isotope ratios for plutonium in the individual mixed particles, including $^{238}Pu/^{239}Pu$, $^{241}Pu/^{239}Pu$ as well as $^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$, and $^{242}Pu/^{239}Pu$, were in good agreement with the certified values despite the isobaric interference of $^{238}U$ and $^{241}Am$. The isotope ratios for uranium in the mixed particles also agreed well with the certified values within the range of error. However, the isotope ratios for minor isotopes, such as $^{234}U$ and $^{236}U$, in the particles with diameters of less than approximately $1.8{\mu}m$ could not be measured because numbers of $^{234}U$ and $^{236}U$ atoms in analyzed particles are too low. These results indicate that thermal ionization mass spectrometry with a continuous heating method is applicable for the analysis of trace amounts of plutonium isotopes, including $^{238}Pu$ and $^{241}Pu$, despite the presence of the respective isobars $^{238}U$ and $^{241}Am$ in the microsamples.

• 분석과학
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 GD-MS를 활용하여 원소 별 함량이 다른 세 종류의 알루미늄 매질의 표준 시료를 분석하였다. 13 종의 원소(Mg, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sn, Pb)에 대해 검량 곡선을 작성하고 그 기울기를 RSF(Relative sensitivity reference)로 확립하였다. 검량 곡선은 X축을 IBR(Ion beam ratio)로, Y축을 표준 시료의 인증 값으로 작성하였다. 검량 곡선의 정밀도와 직선성을 평가하기 위해 RSD(Relative standard deviation)와 결정 계수를 계산하였다. 그 결과 모든 원소의 RSD는 10 %이내로 높은 정밀도를 나타냈다. 바나듐, 니켈 그리고 갈륨 원소를 제외한 대부분의 원소들은 결정 계수가 0.99 이상으로 1에 가까운 값을 얻어 직선성이 우수했다. 바나듐, 니켈 그리고 갈륨 원소는 결정 계수가 0.90~0.95 범위로 비교적 낮은 직선성을 나타냈으며, 이는 좁은 농도 범위로 인한 오차로 판단된다. 바나듐, 니켈 그리고 갈륨 원소는 결정 계수는 낮지만 각각의 표준 시료 RSF와 기울기로 확립한 표준RSF(Standard-RSF)가 비슷하여 정량 분석을 위한 RSF로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 다른 매질의 시료에 표준RSF(Al matrix)를 적용 가능 여부와 실제 표준 값에 대한 오차를 확인하기 위해서 철 매질(Fe matrix)의 표준 시료를 분석하여 검증하였다. 구리 원소를 제외한 6 종(Al, Si, V, Cr, Mn, Ni) 원소의 오차율은 약 30 %로 나타났으며, 구리 원소는 측정을 방해하는 불순물 화합물의 영향으로 오차율이 크게 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 일반적으로 동위원소$^{63}Cu$는 $^{54}Fe^{2+}-^{36}Ar$ 간섭을 받고 $^{65}Cu$는 $^{56}Fe-Al^{3+}$간섭을 받는다. 이를 분해하기 위해서는 8000 이상의 분해능이 필요하다. 하지만, 높은 분해능은 이온의 투과도를 낮추기 때문에 미량원소 분석에 어려움이 있다. 구리 원소를 제외한 알루미늄 외 5종의 원소에 대해서는 비교적 적은 오차로 정량 분석이 가능한 것으로 확인되었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.240-251
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• 2017

1,1,1,2-수소불화탄소(HFC-134a)는 에어컨에 주로 사용되는 냉매로, 최근 온실가스로 규제되어 정제를 통한 재사용 방법이 권장되고 있다. 폐냉매의 재사용 기준 평가를 위해서는 폐냉매에 존재하는 미량 성분의 정량분석이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 표준 물질이 없어서 정량화하기 어려웠던 C, H, Cl, F가 포함된 미량 성분들을 GC/AED (gas chromatograph-atomic emission detector)를 이용하여 정량분석하였다. 이를 위하여 GC/MSD (mass selective detector)를 통한 정성분석을 선행하였다. 또한 성분의 원자 수와 비례하여 반응하는 AED의 특성을 조사하기 위하여, 탄화수소 혼합 표준물질을 이용하여 선형성을 확인하였다. 시료 중 C, H, Cl, F가 포함된 미량 성분의 정성 분석 결과, 주성분인 HFC-134a와 유사 냉매류들을 포함한 총 15 개의 성분이 검출되었다. MSD 결과를 토대로 AED를 이용한 미량 성분들을 정량 분석한 결과, 한 시료는 $CHClF_2$ 성분($45438.38{\mu}mol/mol$), 또 다른 시료는 $C_2H_2ClF_3$ 성분($1311.47{\mu}mol/mol$)이 가장 높은 몰분율을 나타냈다. 본 연구에서는 이 분석법을 기반으로 하여, 표준 물질이 존재하지 않아 정량화하기 어려운 복합 성분들의 정성 및 정량 분석의 확장 적용이 가능할 것으로 보인다.