• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.226-236
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to explore the myelin volume change in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) using a multidynamic multiecho (MDME) sequence and automatic whole-brain segmentation. Materials and Methods: Forty-one consecutive mTBI patients with PCS and 29 controls, who had undergone MRI including the MDME sequence between October 2016 and April 2018, were included. Myelin volume fraction (MVF) maps were derived from the MDME sequence. After three dimensional T1-based brain segmentation, the average MVF was analyzed at the bilateral cerebral white matter (WM), bilateral cerebral gray matter (GM), corpus callosum, and brainstem. The Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare MVF and myelin volume between patients with mTBI and controls. Myelin volume was correlated with neuropsychological test scores using the Spearman rank correlation test. Results: The average MVF at the bilateral cerebral WM was lower in mTBI patients with PCS (median [interquartile range], 25.2% [22.6%-26.4%]) than that in controls (26.8% [25.6%-27.8%]) (p = 0.004). The region-of-interest myelin volume was lower in mTBI patients with PCS than that in controls at the corpus callosum (1.87 cm³ [1.70-2.05 cm³] vs. 2.21 cm³ [1.86-3.46 cm³]; p = 0.003) and brainstem (9.98 cm³ [9.45-11.00 cm³] vs. 11.05 cm³ [10.10-11.53 cm³]; p = 0.015). The total myelin volume was lower in mTBI patients with PCS than that in controls at the corpus callosum (0.45 cm³ [0.39-0.48 cm³] vs. 0.48 cm³ [0.45-0.54 cm³]; p = 0.004) and brainstem (1.45 cm³ [1.28-1.59 cm³] vs. 1.54 cm³ [1.42-1.67 cm³]; p = 0.042). No significant correlation was observed between myelin volume parameters and neuropsychological test scores, except for the total myelin volume at the bilateral cerebral WM and verbal learning test (delayed recall) (r = 0.425; p = 0.048). Conclusion: MVF quantified from the MDME sequence was decreased at the bilateral cerebral WM in mTBI patients with PCS. The total myelin volumes at the corpus callosum and brainstem were decreased in mTBI patients with PCS due to atrophic changes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.891-895
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• 2007

목 적 : ADEM은 급성 중추 신경계의 탈수초성 질환으로 병태 생리학적 기전은 확실히 밝혀지지 않았으나 대부분 바이러스 감염 또는 예방 접종 후 수일에서 수주일 경과 한 후에 발병하며, 면역학적 기전이 관여 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 임상 양상과 예후에 있어서도 다양하게 나타나며, 대부분은 단상성의 경과를 보이는 양성 질환으로 알려져 있다. 뇌 자기공명영상 병변은 전형적인 경우 주로 백질에서만 관찰되나 심부 회백질을 침범하는 경우도 드물지 않게 보고 되고 있다. 이에 다양한 임상 증상과 예후가 뇌 병변의 위치에 의한 것이라 생각되어, 후향적으로 자기공명영상 소견과 의무기록지를 통하여 조사하였다. 방 법 : 1995년 1월부터 2003년 8월까지 경희대학교 소아과에 ADEM으로 입원한 환자 21명을 의무 기록을 토대로 조사하였다. 자기공명영상 소견에 따라 1군은 백질에 국한된 다중 또는 단일 병변, 뇌실 주위 및 소뇌의 병변도 포함된 경우로 분류하였으며, 2군은 심부 회백질 또는 피질 병변으로 백질을 침범하는 경우로 분류하였다. 두 군간에 선행 증상이나, 발병 시 신경학적 증상, 뇌 척수액 소견, 신경학적 후유증을 비교분석 하였다. 결 과 : 두 군에 있어 선행 증상의 빈도를 보면 아무런 선행 증상 없이 발병한 경우가 38.1%로 가장 많았으며 상부 호흡기 감염 증상이 28.6%였고, 두 군간에 선행 증상에 대한 통계학적 차이는 없었다. 발병 당시 증상을 보면 경련이 76.2%, 두통과 구토 증상이 47.6%, 의식의 변화가 38.1%로 관찰되었으며 두 군간에 통계학적 차이가 없었다. 검사 결과 백혈구 증다증이 38.1%, 뇌척수액 소견상 세포 증다증이 76.2%에서 보였으며, 뇌척수액 내 단백질 증가가 28.6%에서 관찰되었으며 두 군간에 통계학적 차이는 없었다. 예후에 있어서도 15명인 71.4%가 정상화 되었으며 지속된 경련은 19%, 운동 장애는 19%에서 보였으며 두 군간에 통계학적 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 이번 연구에서 병변의 차이에 따른 임상 양상과 예후에 있어 차이가 없는 것으로 관찰되나, 다양한 증상과 다양한 병변 및 예후를 보이고 있어 수많은 다른 면역학적 기전을 가진 이종성 질환이 아닌지 의심된다. 아직까지 ADEM의 진단 기준은 임상 증상과 자기공명영상 소견에 의존하여 다소 불분명하다. 이에 ADEM에 대한 연구가 더 필요할 것이라 생각되며, 아울러 초기 자기공명영상 검사와 추적 관찰에 있어 좀더 세심한 주의와 연구가 필요하겠다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.588-591
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• 2007

좌심실 혈전은 전벽 심근 경색이나 심한 심첨부 심벽 운동 이상에 의해 주로 발생하며, 매우 드물게 급성 심근염에 합병되어 나타날 수 있다. 급성 심근염에 의한 혈전 형성은 심내막 손상 및 혈액의 울혈과 관계가 있는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 좌심실 혈전이 유동적이고 유경성일 경우, 전신 색전증의 위험이 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 혈전이 무경성이고 유동성이 없는 경우에는 항응고 치료 요법을 고려할 수 있지만, 유경성의 과유동성 혈전이어서 전신 색전증의 가능성이 높거나 이미 전신 색전증이 발생한 경우에는 색전증의 재발을 막기 위해서 신속한 수술적 혈전 제거술이 필요하다. 저자들은 급성 심근염에 의해 생긴 좌심실 혈전을 수술적 치료로 제거하였기에 보고하고자 한다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1994

4.7T의 고자장 자기공명 영상(Magnetic Resonance imaging : MRI) 장치에서 Tailored RF 경사자계반향(Tailored RF Gradient-Echo : TRGE)기법을 이용하여 phantom 영상과 고양이 뇌의 정맥혈관 영상을 얻었다. 증류수에 MgCl$_2$를 섞어 T1을 짧게한 지름 6cm의 원통형 phantom으로 TRGE기법에 대한 검증을 먼저 하였다. 이후 halothane으로 전신 마취된 몸무게 3.0～4.0kg의 고양이 뇌로부터 얻은 시단면(sagittal slice) 영상에서 Dorsal sagittal sinus, Straight sinus, Vein of corpus callosum과 Internal cerebral vein등의 혈관이 강조되어 나타남을 고양이 뇌의 해부학적 그림과 비교해 보였다. Tailored RF 파형은 ASPECT 3000 computer(스위스 BRUKER사 제품)의 PASCAL 언어를 이용하여 제작하였다. 사각형의 절편모양(slice profile)과 원하는 절편의 두께(slice thickness)에 선택절편내에서 절편방향으로 위상분포가 최대 2$\pi$가 되는 bi-linear ramp 모양을 갖는 절편함수를 공간상에서 Fourier 변환시켜 Tailored RF를 만들었다. TR/TE=205/10 msec, 절편두께 TH=7mm, 화소배열수(matrix size)=256$\times$256, 평면해상도(in-plane resolution)=0.62$\times$0.31mm$^2$, 관심영역 크기(field of view : FOV)=8cm의 영상조건으로 자기공명 TRGE 영상을 얻었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.265-269
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• 2008

Objective : Outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) in the consecutive 100 cases with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) was analyzed. Methods : Data from initial 100 patients treated with GKS in the authors' institute were reviewed retrospectively. Spetzler-Martin grade at diagnosis were I in 18 patients, II in 27, III in 36, IV in 11, and V in 8. Thirty-five patients had experienced previous bleeding, 27 patients presented with seizure, and 31 patients presented with headache. The mean volume of the lesion was $4.3\;cm^3\;(0.1-29.3\;cm^3)$. The median radiation dose delivered to the margin was 20.0Gy (13-32Gy). Mean follow-up period was 37.5 months (5-63 months). Results : Angiographic follow-up was performed in 48 patients at least 2 years after GKS. Sixteen patients were lost in follow up following 2 years from GKS. Twenty-eight of 48 patients (58%) showed complete obliteration and 20 patients (42%) showed partial obliteration. Seven patients presented with post-GKS hemorrhage. Adverse radiation effect (ARE) was observed at follow-up MRI in 25 of 76 patients, and it was symptomatic in 5 patients. Complete obliteration was confirmed in 24 of 31 (77%) patients with volume less than $4\;cm^3$, meanwhile only 4 of 17 (24%) patients with volume of $4\;cm^3$ or more showed complete obliteration. Complete obliteration rate was 67% with 20Gy or higher marginal dose, 63% with 15-20 Gy, and 17% with less than 15Gy. Conclusion : GKS can provide high rates of obliteration with acceptable risk of morbidity in a subgroup of small AVMs. However, overall outcome in whole spectrum of AVMs, in which large proportion of cases have unfavorable characteristics for radiosurgery, is much worse. More effective therapeutic strategy needs to be developed for large AVMs that are difficult to be managed with current available treatment modalities.

• 보험의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2010

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive occlusive disease of the cerebral vasculature with particular involvement of the circle of Willis and the arteries that feed it. MMD is one of cerebrovacular accident,which is treated with sugical maeuver in pediatic neurosurgery. Moyamoya (ie, Japanese for "puff of smoke") characterizes the appearance on angiography of abnormal vascular collateral networks that develop adjacent to the stenotic vessels. The steno-occlusive areas are usually bilateral, but unilateral involvement does not exclude the diagnosis. The exact etiology of moyamoya disease is unknown. Some genetic predisposition is apparent because it is familial 10% of the time. The disease may be hereditary and multifactorial. It may occur by itself in a previously healthy individual. However, many disease states have been reported in association with moyamoya disease, including the following: 1) Immunological - Graves disease/thyrotoxicosis 2) Infections - Leptospirosis and tuberculosis 3) Hematologic disorders - Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, sickle cell anemia, and lupus 4) Congenital syndromes - Apert syndrome, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Turner syndrome, von Recklinghausen disease, and Hirschsprung disease 5) Vascular diseases - Atherosclerotic disease, coarctation of the aorta and fibromuscular dysplasia, 6)cranial trauma, radiation injury, parasellar tumors, and hypertension etc. These associations may not necessarily be causative but do warrant consideration due to impact on treatment.(Mainly neurosurgical operation.) The incidence of moyamoya disease is highest in Japan. The prevalence of MMD is 1 person per 100,000 population. The prevalence and incidence of moyamoya disease in Japan has been reported to be 3.16 cases and 0.35 case per 100,000 people, respectively. With regard to sex, the female-to-male ratio is 1.4:1. A bimodal peak of incidence is noted, with symptoms occurring either in the first decade(5-10yr) or in the third and fourth decades (30-40yr)of life. Mortality rates of moyamoya disease are approximately 10% in adults and 4.3% in children. Death is usually from hemorrhage. In aspect of life insurance, MR is 1700%, EDR is 16 per 1000 persons. Children and adults with moyamoya disease (MMD) may have different clinical presentations. The symptoms and clinical course vary widely from asymptomatic to transient events to severe neurologic deficits. Adults experience hemorrhage more commonly; cerebral ischemic events are more common in children. Children may have hemiparesis, monoparesis, sensory impairment, involuntary movements, headaches, dizziness, or seizures. Mental retardation or persistent neurologic deficits may be present. Adults may have symptoms and signs similar to those in children, but intraventricular, subarachnoid, or intracerebral hemorrhage of sudden onset is more common in adults. Recently increasing diagnosis of MMD with MRI, followed by surgical operation is noted. MMD needs to be considered as the "CI" state now in life insurance fields.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 1994

Encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) is a relatively new surgical procedure for treatment of childhood moyamoya disease. We assessed regional cerebral perfusion in moyamoya patients before (1.3 mo) and after (6.8 mo) EDAS with $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain SPECT. A total of 21 EDAS operations in 17 moyamoya patients was included. Preoperative CT or MRI showed cerebral infarction in 14 patients and carotid angiography showed Suzuki grade I to V stenosis in 6%, 9%, 62%, 12% and 12% of the hemispheres respectively. Preoperative SPECT showed regional hypoperfusion in all patients, bilateral frontal and temporal lobes being the most frequently involved site. $4{\times}4$ pixel sized ROIs were applied on the frontotemporal cortex in 3 slice averaged transverse tomographic images. An index of regional perfusion was measured as: PI (%)=average F-T activity/average cerebellar activity${\times}100$ Pre-EDAS ipsilateral PI ranged from 23.7 to 98.4% (mean: $74.3{\pm}17%$) and increased significantly after operation ($81.4{\pm}17%$, p<0.001). Individual post-EDAS PI improved in 15/21 cases, showed no significant change in 5 and was slightly aggravated in 1. The amount of clinical improvement (${\Delta}CI$) was graded with a scale of 0 to 4 based on frequency and severity of TIA attacks. When patients were grouped according to pre-EDAS PI, group II (PI 70-89) showed a significantly higher ${\Delta}CI$ (3.3) compared to group I (PI< 70, 1.57) or group III (PI >90, 0.5) (P< 0.001). The amount of perfusion improvement (${\Delta}PI$) showed significant correlation with ${\Delta}CI$ (r=0.42, p=0.04). ${\Delta}PI$ did not, however, correlate with the amount of neovascularization assessed angiographically in 8 patients. Serial HMPAO SPECT is an useful noninvasive study for assessing perfusion improvement after EDAS in childhood moyamoya patients.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2004

대뇌조직 구분을 위한 실험적인 정보를 제공하기 위한 뇌조직 확률 지도를 개발하는 경우 개인마다 구조적으로 다양한 형태를 가진 뇌의 특성과 특히 인종간의 두드러진 차이론 반드시 고려해야 한다 본 연구에서는 특정 그룹에 대한 뇌조직 확률 지도를 제작하는데 필요한 절차를 알아보고 나이에 따른 그룹간의 뇌조직 확률 지도의 구조적인 차이를 살펴보고자 한다 피험자 그룹은 100명의 건강한 한국인이며 나이에 따라 두 그룹으로 분류하였다. 뇌 확률 지도의 기준 좌표계를 설정하기 위해 전체 그룹 내의 모든 피험자의 뇌 영상에 대한 평균 영상을 구하고, 각 뇌 영상을 기준 좌표계로 정규화 시킨다. 정규화 과정에서 얻어진 변환 매개 변수를 미리 각 뇌조직(회질, 백질, 뇌척수액)으로 분할된 피험자의 영상에 적용하고 각 그룹 내에서 변환된 뇌 조직 영상을 평균함으로써 뇌 조직 확률 지도를 완성하였다. 나이에 따른 구조적인 차이를 살펴보기 위해 그룹간 확률 값의 차이 영상을 구하였다. 이전 연구결과에서와 마찬가지로 나이가 증가함에 따라 뇌실이 확대되고 회질의 위축이 전체적인 뇌 영역에서 일어났다. 그러므로 우리는 대뇌 조직 분할을 위해 설험적인 정보들을 사용하고자 할 때는 특정 그룹에 대한 뇌 확률 지도를 사용할 것을 제안한다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.246-255
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• 2022

Objective: To determine the usefulness of Silent MR angiography (MRA) for evaluating intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coil embolization. Materials and Methods: Ninety-nine patients (101 aneurysms) treated with stent-assisted coil embolization (Neuroform atlas, 71 cases; Enterprise, 17; LVIS Jr, 9; and Solitaire AB, 4 cases) underwent time-of-flight (TOF) MRA and Silent MRA in the same session using a 3T MRI system within 24 hours of embolization. Two radiologists independently interpreted both MRA images retrospectively and rated the image quality using a 5-point Likert scale. The image quality and diagnostic accuracy of the two modalities in the detection of aneurysm occlusion were further compared based on the stent design and the site of aneurysm. Results: The average image quality scores of the Silent MRA and TOF MRA were 4.38 ± 0.83 and 2.78 ± 1.04, respectively (p < 0.001), with an almost perfect interobserver agreement. Silent MRA had a significantly higher image quality score than TOF MRA at the distal internal carotid artery (n = 57, 4.25 ± 0.91 vs. 3.05 ± 1.16, p < 0.001), middle cerebral artery (n = 21, 4.57 ± 0.75 vs. 2.19 ± 0.68, p < 0.001), anterior cerebral artery (n = 13, 4.54 ± 0.66 vs. 2.46 ± 0.66, p < 0.001), and posterior circulation artery (n = 10, 4.50 ± 0.71 vs. 2.90 ± 0.74, p = 0.013). Silent MRA had superior image quality score to TOF MRA in the stented arteries when using Neuroform atlas (4.66 ± 0.53 vs. 3.21 ± 0.84, p < 0.001), Enterprise (3.29 ± 1.59 vs. 1.59 ± 0.51, p = 0.003), LVIS Jr (4.33 ± 1.89 vs. 1.89 ± 0.78, p = 0.033), and Solitaire AB stents (4.00 ± 2.25 vs. 2.25 ± 0.96, p = 0.356). The interpretation of the status of aneurysm occlusion exhibited significantly higher sensitivity with Silent MRA than with TOF MRA when using the Neuroform Atlas stent (96.4% vs. 14.3%, respectively, p < 0.001) and LVIS Jr stent (100% vs. 20%, respectively, p = 0.046). Conclusion: Silent MRA can be useful to evaluate aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coil embolization, regardless of the aneurysm location and type of stent used.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.47-67
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was aimed to investigated the warning signs and its relationship with the other characteristics in acute stroke patients. Methods : 225 acute stroke patients were recruited at the Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center) of Kyung Hee University Oriental Hospital from October 2005 to September 2006. We evaluated their stroke type with brain MRI, their warning signs, and general characteristics such as age, sex, past history, risk factors, etc. Results : 225 subjects were included in the final analysis. In the subjects' general characteristics, the most common etiology of stroke was small vessel occlusion. In the assessment of the subjects' warning signs, the frequency of tension felt at the cervical area was highest followed by blepharospasm, sensory dysfunction (one side of numbness, tingling sensation, dead sensation), one side paralysis or weakness, etc. After analyzing etiology, cerebral hemorrhage had more facial spasm sign and hypertension than cerebral infarction. On the other hand, cerebral infarction had more diabetes and sensory dysfunction (one side of numbness, tingling sensation, dead sensation) than cerebral hemorrhage. Among stroke locations, subjects with their brain lesion in the cortex had more warning sings of motor dysfunction such as one side paralysis, or weakness. Multiple lesions showed a close relationship with smoking habit and were more common in males than in females. The under 65 years old group were more commonly associated with alcohol consumption, accidental mental stress and blepharospam than the over 65 years old group. In the group of under 65 years old, males more commonly had lesions in occipital lobe, alcohol consumption and smoking habit than females. Otherwise, females more commonly had vision dysfunction and blepharospasm than males. In the group of over 65 years old, males more commonly had cortex lesion than females. On the other hand, Females more commonly had accidental mental stress than males. Conclusions : We observed various warning signs and their distribution in acute stroke patients. The subjects' brainlesions and their etiology seemed to affect the features of the warning signs. Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were also related to etiology of stroke and some habitual problems such as smoking and drinking seemed to reduce the age of stroke ictus. Although a concrete conclusion can hardly be drawn from this study, it reminds physicians of the importance of warning signs which appear among their patients.