• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare EEG topographical maps in patients with chronic stroke after action observation physical training. Methods: Ten subjects were recruited from a medical hospital. Participants observed the action of transferring a small block from one box to another for 6 sessions of 1 minute each, and then performed the observed action for 3 minutes, 6 times. An EEG-based brain mapping system with 32 scalp sites was used to determine cortical reorganization in the regions of interest (ROIs) during observation of movement. The EEG-based brain mapping was comparison in within-group before and after training. ROIs included the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal lobe, and visual cortex. EEG data were analyzed with an average log ratio in order to control the variability of the absolute mu power. The mu power log ratio was in within-group comparison with paired t-tests. Results: Participants showed activation prior to the intervention in all of the cerebral cortex, whereas the inferior frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex were selectively activated after the training. There were no differences in mu power between each session. Conclusion: These findings suggest that action observation physical training contributes to attaining brain reorganization and improving brain functionality, as part of rehabilitation and intervention programs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 1991

The analgesic effect of morphine was antagonized in mice pretreated with ginseng total saponin intraperitoneally, intracerebrally and intrathecally. The antagonized effects of morphine analgesia were reversed predominantly by treatment with L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the tail pinch test and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the tail flick test respectively. These indicate that the antagonistic action of ginseng total saponin might be due to their inhibitions of the activation of descending ihibitory systems at the cerebral site as well as spinal. In addition, any appreciable changes of brain biogenic monoamine levels were not observed in mice pretreated with ginseng total saponin at various time intervals. These results obtained suggest that a newly equilibrated state of neurologic function could be found in mice pretreated with ginseng total saponin, and modification of neurologic function in the mechanism for the antagonism of morphine analgesia by ginseng total saponin was more important than the changes of brain biogenic monoamine levels.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2011

This study evaluated cholineresterase inhibitory activity of Korean white ginseng extract (WGE), red ginseng extract (RGE), and black ginseng extract (BGE) and the cholinergic effect on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesic mice. WGE, RGE, and BGE inhibited acetylcholineserase (AChE), as well as butyrylcholineserase (BuChE) in a concentration-dependent manner. BGE presented strong inhibition of AChE with an $IC_{50}$ value of 1.72 mg/mL, followed by WGE (5.89 mg/mL), RGE (6.30 mg/mL), respectively. The inhibitory activity of the three ginseng extracts on BuChE showed similar values among the groups. To better understand the mechanisms of the possible effect of ginseng extract on the cholinergic function, this study assessed the expression of the cholinergic markers of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and AChE using western blot and RT-PCR analysis in the brains of amnesic mice. Treatment with ginseng extracts led to inhibition of AChE expression and, the activation of ChAT expression in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex of amnesic mice as induced by SCOP. The results suggest that ginseng extracts including BGE, appear to modulate the metabolism of acetylchoine (ACh), which would greatly increase synaptic ACh levels and most potently revert SCOP-induced amnesia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.367-376
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• 1997

The effect of an organic peroxide, t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP), on glutamate uptake was studied in synaptosomes prepared from cerebral cortex. t-BHP inhibited the $Na^+-dependent$ glutamate uptake with no change in the $Na^+-independent$ uptake. This effect of t-BHP was not altered by addition of $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine) or $PLA_2$ inhibitors (dibucaine, butacaine and quinacrine). However, the effect was prevented by iron chelators (deferoxamine and phenanthroline) and phenolic antioxidants (N,N'-diphenyl-phenylenediamine, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene). At low concentrations (＜1.0 mM), t-BHP inhibited glutamate uptake without altering lipid peroxidation. Moreover, a large increase in lipid peroxidation by $ascorbate/Fe^{2+}$ was not accompanied by an inhibition of glutamate uptake. The impairment of glutamate uptake by t-BHP was not intimately related to the change in $Na^+-K+-ATPase$ activity. These results suggest that inhibition of glutamate uptake by t-BHP is not totally mediated by peroxidation of membrane lipid, but is associated with direct interactions of glutamate transport proteins with t-BHP metabolites. The $Ca^{2+}$ influx through $Ca^{2+}$ channel or $PLA_2$ activation may not be involved in the t-BHP inhibition of glutamate transport.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

Bax, a pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 family proteins, plays a central role in the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Apoptotic signals induce the translocation of Bax from cytosol into the mitochondria, which triggers the release of apoptogenic molecules such as cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, AIF. Bax-inhibiting peptide(BIP) is a cell permeable peptide comprised of five amino acids designed from the Bax-interaction domain of Ku70. Because BIP inhibits Bax translocation and Bax-mediated release of cytochrome C, BIP suppresses Bax-dependent apoptosis. In this study, we observed that BIP inhibited staurosporine-induced neuronal death in cultured cerebral cortex and cerebellar granule cells, but BIP failed to rescue granule cells from trophic signal deprivation-induced neuronal death, although both staurosporine-induced and trophic signal deprivation-induced neuronal death are dependent on Bax. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of the Bax activation may differ depending on the type of cell death induction, and thus BIP exhibits selective suppression of a subtype of Bax-dependent neuronal death.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2017년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.1097-1099
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• 2017

본 논문은 대뇌 활성화 상태 변화와 혈액형간의 상관성 분석을 목적으로 한다. 혈액은 인체의 혈관을 통하여 몸 전체로 순환하는 액체 성 물질이다. 이 혈액을 구성하는 물질의 이질적 차이를 나타내는 차별적 유형을 혈액형이라 하며, 혈액형은 멘델의 법칙에 따라 부모에서 자식으로 유전된다. [1] 최근 들어 혈액형이 가지는 유전적 특징을 통한 질병 진단 및 치료, 예방을 위한 연구가 진행되고 있으나, 대부분의 연구는 육체적인 질병과 관련되어 있는 실정이다. 그러나, 혈액형의 경우 유전적 특성을 가지고 있으며, 신경 전달 망에 영향을 끼칠 것으로 추정 되는바 육체적 질병뿐만 아닌 정신적인 질환에도 혈액형에 따른 치료 및 예방방법을 차별화 하여, 보다 효율적인 치료 및 예방을 수행 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 논문에서는 이를 위하여, 외부자극에 따른 대뇌 활성화 상태 변화를 분석하며, 특히 혈액형에 따른 상태변화의 상관성을 분석하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 활용하는 외부 자극은 청각 자극을 활용하며, 먼저 혈액형에 따른 피험자 군의 분류를 수행하여 동일 군 내 공통반응 및 상이한 군 간의 특이반응을 분석하여, 혈액형이 대뇌 활성화 상태 변화 및 정신질환에 따른 증상발현 등과 유관함을 검증하고자 한다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study, the neuroprotective effects of modified Boyanghwano-Tang (mBHT) and the major medicinal plants, Astragali Radix(AR) and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(SMR) were investigated in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)-induced ischemic stroke of rats. Methods : mBHT(400 mg/kg) and AR(154 mg/kg) or SMR(62 mg/kg) water extract orally injected in rats after 90 min occlusion of MCA and then allow reperfusion to 24 h. Brain infarction was measured by TTC staining and the expressions of NOS isoforms and apoptotic molecules were determined in ischemic brain by Western blot. Results : The results showed that mBHT has stronger neuropreotective property through inhibitions of the PARP cleaved and caspase-3 activation in ischemic rats, and could reduced infarction volumes comparison of those of AR or SMR, respectively. While, AR extract has an angiogenic property through increasing the expressions of eNOS and VEGF, and SMR extract has a strong anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of iNOS expression in ischemic brains. Conclusions : These results suggest that mBHT has multifactorial therapeutic advantages through anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation and angiogenesis for ischemic stroke based on a synergistic combination of ingradients rather than monotherapy.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2002년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집 제21권 1호
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• pp.313-316
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 기능적 자기공명 영상법(functional magnetic resonance imaging)을 이용하여, 한국어, 일어, 프랑스어, 영어 등 여러 언어를 구사할 수 있는 다중언어화자들을 대상으로 각 언어에 따른 대뇌 언어처리 과정을 알아보고, 그 처리과정이 해당언어의 유창성, 습득시기에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지를 알아보았다. 실험 결과, 언어처리에 있어 핵심적인 역할을 하는 것으로 보고되는 Broca 영역은 언어의 이해와 산출 과정에 모두 관계된 것으로 보이며, 언어의 산출과정에는 언어의 이해과정에 관계되는 영역외에 조음과정에 따른 영역의 활성화가 보고되었다. 또한 언어습득시기와 유창성에 따른 각 언어의 활성화를 살펴보면, 유창성이 높을수록 대뇌 활성화는 줄어들며, 유창성이 낮은 언어조건에서는 언어처리 영역의 활성화 수준이 높아지며 또한 우반구 및 전전두회(prefrontal gyrus)의 활성화가 높아지는 것이 보인다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.52-57
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• 2000

목적: 기능적 자기공명영상을 이용하여 정신분열증 환자에서 운동자극에 의한 뇌 피질의 반응양상을 정상인과 비교하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 9 명의 오른손잡이 정신분열증 환자와 정신과학적으로 이상이 없는 6 명의 건강한 오른손잡이 자원자를 대조군으로 하였다. EPI 기법을 이용하여 한 절편 당 120 개의 연속영상 중 3 번의 휴식기와 활성화 시기를 반복하여 전체 4개의 절편에서 총 480개의 영상들을 얻었으며 오른손 운동을 운동자극으로 사용하였다. 영상 후 처리는 교차상관(cross correlation)을 이용하였고 운동자극 시에 우세 대뇌반구를 결정하기 위해 편측화 지수(lateralization index)를 측정하여 환자와 정상인 사이에서 비교하였다. 결과: 정상군에서는 오른손 운동자극시 좌측 감각운동중추에서 우측에 비해 월등히 많은 활성화를 나타내어 높은 펀측화 지수를 보인 반면 정신분열증 환자군의 경우는 좌측 감각운동중추의 활성화는 상대적으로 감소하고 동측인 우측의 활성화가 증가하여 정상군에 비해 낮은 편측화 지수를 나타냈다. 한 명의 환자에서는 우측 감각운동중추가 좌측에 비해 높은 활성화를 보이는 경우도 있었다(역편측화 reversed lateralization) 결론: 정상인에서 관찰되는 좌-우 감각운동피질의 기능적 비대칭성이 정신분열증환자에서는 다른 양상으로 관찰되었다. 이는 이 질환에서 뇌 피질내 운동회로의 기능적 이상이 있음을 반영하는 소견이며, 앞으로 기능적 자기공명영상이 이 질환의 진단과 연구에 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.102-112
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of chronic exposure by welders to manganese (Mn) through an analysis of the degree of brain activity in different activities such as cognition and motor activities using the neuroimaging technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The neurotoxic effect that Mn has on the brain was examined as well as changes in the neuro-network in motor areas, and the usefulness of fMRI was evaluated as a tool to determine changes in brain function from occupational exposure to Mn. Methods: A survey was carried out from July 2010 to October 2010 targeting by means of a questionnaire 160 workers from the shipbuilding and other manufacturing industries. Among them, 14 welders with more than ten years of job-related exposure to Mn were recruited on a voluntary basis as an exposure group, and 13 workers from other manufacturing industries with corresponding gender and age were recruited as a control group. A questionnaire survey, a blood test, and an fMRI test were carried out with the study group as target. Results: Of 27 fMRI targets, blood Mn concentration of the exposure group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.001), and Pallidal Index (PI) of the welder group was also significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.001). As a result of the survey, the score of the exposure group in self-awareness of abnormal nerve symptoms and abnormal musculoskeletal symptoms was higher than those of the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05, respectively). In the correlation between PI and the results of blood tests, the correlation coefficient with blood Mn concentration was 0.893, revealing a significant amount of correlation (p<0.001). As for brain activity area within the control group, the right and the left areas of the superior frontal cortex showed significant activity, and the right area of superior parietal cortex, the left area of occipital cortex and cerebellum showed significant activity. Unlike the control group, the exposure group showed significant activity selectively on the right area of premotor cortex, at the center of supplementary motor area, and on the left side of superior temporal cortex. In the comparison of brain activity areas between the two groups, the exposure group showed a significantly higher activation state than did the control group in such areas as the right and the left superior parietal cortex, superior temporal cortex, and cerebellum including superior frontal cortex and the right area of premotor cortex. However, in nowhere did the control group show a more activated area than did the exposure group. Conclusions: Chronic exposure to Mn increased brain activity during implementation of hand motor tasks. In an identical task, activation increased in the premotor cortex, superior temporal cortex, and supplementary motor area. It was also discovered that brain activity increase in the frontal area and occipital area was more pronounced in the exposure group than in the control group. This result suggests that chronic exposure to Mn in the work environment affects brain activation neuro-networks.