• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.653-674
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• 1995

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary patterns of university female students according to their residence type. As for subjects, one hundred and twenty students of Kongju national university were chosen as a total. They were devided into three groups ; those who live in family home, or university dormitory, or self-boarding house. In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day food records and questionnaire. The result was that mean daily intakes of calcium and iron were lower than RDAs in all groups. According to residence type, subjects of family home and self-boarding seemed to have more serious problem in the nutrients mentioned above considering the proportions of less than 2/3 of RDAs. Especially, iron status was poorer than any other nutrients in the aspects of this proportion and food source. Iron was taken largely from vegetable foods which were recognized as a source of low bioavailability of iron. The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 22, 29, 30 and 19. Thus, it proved that breakfast tended to be more negligent than any other meals, and that snack was an important means to give nutrients for subjects. This meal pattern might be one of the factor for the decrease of the dietary quality. Processed foods were founded to be an important source for providing nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients intake were 30.6, 29.5 and 46.2. However, other nutrient intakes from processed foods such as vitamin and mineral were small. And processed foods which give nutrients were mainly cereal products like ra myon, bread, and milk and milk products. Consequently, processed foods seemed to be selected as a combinient substitute food which supply calorie to fill their hunger. According to the living type, dormitory students had them more frequently than any other groups. Food habit score was within the category of poor or fair. Particularly, the score of self-boarding students was the lowest of groups(p<0.05). The major dietary problems were small or overating, missing meal and irregular eating. The degree of these problems was a little different among groups(P<0.01). Nineteen kinds of food were consumed per day, and family home and self-boarding students had foods less variously than dormitory students(P<0.05). Proportions of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner were 20.8, 12.5 and 8.3%. Accordingly, breakfast was missed more often than any other meals. And self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than any other groups. As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium and iron, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that breakfast should be regarded more importantly, and that processed foods should be taken considering nutritional balance. In view of residence type, subjects of family home or self-boarding had more dietary problems than dormitory subjects. Thus, these results suggest that university female students might have low ability of meal management, and dietary patterns were different by their residence type. Therefore, nutrition education for them should be carried out with respect to dewelling environment.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1732-1739
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• 2009

본 연구는 일산 지역의 중학생들의 개인 특성 요인(성별, BMI)과 가정 내 환경 요인(어머니 직업 유무, 부모 교육 정도)들이 간식 섭취에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 대상자의 성별에 따라서 간식 식품군별 섭취 빈도를 조사한 결과, 남학생은 우유 및 유제품(p<0.05), 씨리얼류(<0.05)와 면류(p<0.01)의 섭취가, 여학생은 과자류(p<0.01)와 사탕-초콜릿류(p<0.01)의 섭취가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 대상자를 BMI에 따라서 분류한 결과, 저체중군은 과자류(p<0.05)와 사탕-초콜릿류(p<0.001)의 섭취가 정상체중군 및 과체중군에 비하여 높게 나왔다. 대상자의 어머니가 전업주부인 경우 부모가 준비하는 간식을 섭취하는 비율이 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.001), 과일-과일주스류(p<0.05) 및 우유-요구르트류(p<0.001) 섭취 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 또한 부모의 학력이 높은 군의 조사대상자에서 간식 섭취가 비교적 규칙적이었으나 패스트푸드와 청량음료의 섭취 빈도가 높았다. 본 연구 결과 청소년들의 간식 섭취 및 소비 태도는 성별, BMI, 어머니의 직업 유무와 부모의 교육 정도에 의하여 영향을 받았다. 따라서 청소년들이 간식 섭취 및 소비 태도가 올바른 습관으로 정착되어 성인이 되어서도 건강하고 자주적인 식생활이 가능하도록 다양한 요인을 고려하여 청소년 스스로가 바람직하고 계획성 있는 간식을 구입 및 섭취할 수 있는 태도에 대한 교육뿐만 아니라 어머니의 취업으로 인한 청소년의 간식 섭취의 부정적인 영향을 보완할 수 있는 방안이 개발하고 적용해야 할 것이라고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1437-1449
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• 2006

Thirty six pre-weaned Barbari kids at 4 months age were reared on four rations computed using coarse cereal grains and by-products of pulses and oil seeds with Crude Protein (CP) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) of 12 and 55% (Low protein Low energy); 12 and 60% (Low protein High energy); 14 and 55% (High protein Low energy); and 14 and 60% (High protein High energy), respectively. After 180 days on feed, male animals ($4{\times}5=20$) were slaughtered to study the effect of diet on carcass characteristics and meat quality. To asses the effect, if any, of such diet on product quality, meat balls were prepared and evaluated for quality changes when fresh as well as during storage ($-20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). Feeding a ration with CP12 and TDN 60% (LH) to kids produced animals with highest slaughter weight (20.3 kg) yielding higher carcass weight and dressing percentage, lean (65.6%) and fat (6.6%) contents with low bone and trim losses. Although total variety meat yield was markedly higher in HL, the non-carcass fat deposition was relatively higher in LH carcasses. The water activity ($a_w$) of fresh goat meat ranged from 0.994-0.995 and total cholesterol 72.8-90.5 mg/100 g meat. The pH was high in HL and HH meat resulting in decreased ($p{\leq}0.05$) extract release volume (ERV). Meat balls were prepared using meat obtained from goats fed different rations (treatments) and stored at $-20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. They were evaluated on day 0 and months 1, 2, 3, 4 for physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic changes. Overall moisture (%), $a_w$, TBA number and pH value were 67.9, 0.987, 0.17, 6.6 respectively and were not affected by treatments except pH that was significantly ($p{\leq}0.01$) lower on LH. As the storage period advanced moisture, pH, $a_w$ and TBA number increased irrespective of treatments. Feeding various diets had no marked effect on microbial load of meat balls but with increasing storage period Standard Plate Count (SPC) and psychrotrophs declined ($p{\leq}0.01$). Treatment LL and LH produced meat balls with better flavour.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.303-321
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• 2011

The availability and efficient use of the feed resources in Asia are the primary drivers of performance to maximise productivity from animals. Feed security is fundamental to the management, extent of use, conservation and intensification for productivity enhancement. The awesome reality is that current supplies of animal proteins are inadequate to meet human requirements in the face of rapidly depleting resources: arable land, water, fossil fuels, nitrogenous and other fertilisers, and decreased supplies of cereal grains. The contribution of the ruminant sector lags well behind that of non-ruminant pigs and poultry. It is compelling therefore to shift priority for the development of ruminants (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep) in key agro-ecological zones (AEZs), making intensive use of the available biomass from the forage resources, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) and other non-conventional feed resources (NCFR). Definitions are given of successful and failed projects on feed resource use. These were used to analyse 12 case studies, which indicated the value of strong participatory efforts with farmers, empowerment, and the benefits from animals of productivity-enhancing technologies and integrated natural resource management (NRM). However, wider replication and scaling up were inadequate in project formulation, including systems methodologies that promoted technology adoption. There was overwhelming emphasis on component technology applications that were duplicated across countries, often wasteful, the results and relevance of which were not clear. Technology delivery via the traditional model of research-extension linkage was also inadequate, and needs to be expanded to participatory research-extension-farmer linkages to accelerate diffusion of technologies, wider adoption and impacts. Other major limitations concerned with feed resource use are failure to view this issue from a farming systems perspective, strong disciplinary bias, and poor links to real farm situations. It is suggested that improved efficiency in feed resource use and increased productivity from animals in the future needs to be cognisant of nine strategies. These include priorities for feed resource use; promoting intensive use of crop residues; intensification of integrated ruminant-oil palm systems and use of oil palm by-products; priority for urgent, wider technology application, adoption and scaling up; rigorous application of systems methodologies; development of adaptation and mitigation options for the effects of climate change on feed resources; strengthening research-extension-farmer linkages; development of year round feeding systems; and striving for sustainability of integrated farming systems. These strategies together form the challenges for the future.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2010

농산물 중 bifenazate의 잔류 실태를 조사하기 위하여 HPLC를 사용한 분석법을 개선하였고, LC/MS 분석법을 확립하였다. 개선된 분석법에 대한 직선성과 재현성에 대한 검증을 수행한 결과 bifenazate 0.05~2.5 mg/kg 범위에서 상관계수는 1.0이었고, 정량한계(LOQ)는 0.01 mg/kg이었다. 회수율은 현미(곡류), 강낭콩(콩류), 오렌지(과실류), 들깻잎(채소류), 표고버섯(버섯류)에 대해 0.1 mg/kg 수준에서 82.7~104.1%였고, 0.5 mg/kg에서는 73.1~104.3%였다. 또한 회수율에 대한 상대표준편차(n=3)는 0.2~9.7%였다. 전국 22개 지역에서 수거한 농산물 16품목(쌀, 조, 메밀, 강낭콩, 땅콩, 참깨, 오렌지, 자몽, 키위, 시금치, 들깻잎, 부추, 마늘쫑, 마늘, 생강, 표고버섯) 304건을 대상으로 bifenazate의 잔류량을 조사한 결과 모든 농산물에서 검출되지 않았다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1992

본 연구는 한국과 일본에서 매년 실시하고 있는 국민영양조사 결과를(일본은 1950년-1988년, 한국은 1969-1988년) 바탕으로 양국의 식생활 변화 양상을 비교하여 미래의 한국 식생활의 지침이 되고자 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 식품군별 섭취량에서 섭취총량은 일본은 1973년을 기점으로 감소하였으며 한국은 증가와 감소를 되풀이하며 전반적으로 증가 경향을 나타내었다. 한·일 모두 식물성 식품의 섭취는 감소하고 있고 동물성 식품의 섭취는 증가하고 있는데 1988년에는 동물성 식품 섭취 비율이 5% 정도 일본이 한국에 비해 많았다. 식물성 식품은 곡류의 경우 양국 모두 감소 경향을 보였고 1988년의 경우 한국이 일본에 비해 70g 정도 많이 섭취하였다. 한국은 감자류, 두류, 과실류는 1980년 이후 증가 경향이나 군별 섭취총량은 일본에 비해 낮은 수준이었다. 일본은 과일, 야채류의 섭취가 감소 경향이고 두류, 감자류는 변화가 거의 없으며 안정된 추세를 보였다. 동물성식품의 경우 일본은 우유 및 유제품, 육류는 증가 경향을 나타내었고 어패류, 난류는 1975년 이후 거의 평형 상태를 유지하였으며 한국은 육류, 어패류의 섭취 증가가 뚜렷하였다. 1970년 이후 양국의 신장, 체중의 연차추이를 보면, 1970년에서 1980년까지 한국인의 신장 증가가 현저하였으며(1970년 ; 150.3cm, 1980년 ; 160.2cm), 체중도 이와 유사한 경향을 나타냈다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2010

식품 중 아플라톡신 ($B_1+B_2+G_1+G_2$)의 기준은 곡류, 두류, 땅콩, 견과류 및 그 단순가공품 (분쇄, 절단 등), 곡류 가공품 및 두류가공품, 과자류 (땅콩 또는 견과류 함유식품), 장류, 고춧가루, 팝콘용 옥수수가공품, 기타 식품류 (찐쌀)에 대하여 15 ($B_1$은 10)${\mu}g/kg$ 이하로, 원유 및 우유류 중 아플라톡신의 기준은 $M_1$으로서 0.5 ${\mu}g/kg$ 이하로 설정되었다. 사과주스, 사과주스 농축액 중 파튤린의 기준은 50 ${\mu}g/kg$ 이하로 설정되어 있으며, 오크라톡신 A의 기준은 밀, 호밀, 보리, 커피콩, 북은 커피에 5 ${\mu}g/kg$, 인스턴트커피, 건포도 중 10 ${\mu}g/kg$, 포도주스, 포도주스 농축액, 포도주 중 2 ${\mu}g/kg$ 이하로 설정되었고, 푸모니신($B_1+B_2$)은 옥수수 중 4 mg/kg, 옥수수 단순가공품 및 옥수수 가루 중 2 mg/kg, 옥수수 가공품 중 1 mg/kg 이하로 설정되었다. 현재 식품 중 곰팡이독소에 대한 안전관리는 노출량 조사와 위해평가를 통해 합리적이고 과학적으로 설정되어 관리하고 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.727-736
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• 2016

쌀은 인류가 가장 많이 먹고 있는 주식이다. 최근 백색미, 적색미, 갈색미, 녹색미 그리고 흑색미 등 다양한 품종들이 소비되고 있다. 고농도의 안토시아닌이 함유되어 있는 흑미는 영양가뿐만 아니라 암 발생 예방 효과가 있어 세계적으로 그 소비가 증가되고 있다. 유전학적으로 흑미는 cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)의 합성경로를 조절하는 두 개의 유전자 Pb와 Pp가 관여하는 Purple Pericarp (Prp) 유전형질에 의하여 종자과피의 색이 결정된다. 1921년 Nagai가 흑미의 유전현상을 일으키는 Prp 형질을 보고한 이 후 Prp 형질에 관여하는 유전자들과 그 기능 분석에 관한 많은 연구가 보고 되었으나 아직도 많은 부분이 밝혀지지 않았다. 그러나 안토시아닌의 함량이 높은 기능성 흑미의 소비는 증가하고 있는 반면 흑미는 일반 재배 벼에 비하여 상대적인 수확량이 매우 적어 농경제적인 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 흑미 종자가 성숙하는 과정에서 Prp 유전자의 유전현상의 특성과 안토시아닌 합성 경로 그리고 수확량에 관한 유전학적 관점에서 내용을 정리하였다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-69
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• 2014

The impact of competition on pricing has been studied in the context of counterfactual merger analyses where expected optimal prices in a hypothetical monopoly are compared with observed prices in an oligopolistic market. Such analyses would typically assume static decision making by consumers and firms and thus have been applied mostly to data obtained from consumer packed goods such as cereal and soft drinks. However such static modeling approach is not suitable when decision makers are forward looking. When it comes to the markets for durable products with indirect network effects, consumer purchase decisions and firm pricing decisions are inherently dynamic as they take into account future states when making purchase and pricing decisions. Researchers need to take into account the dynamic aspects of decision making both in the consumer side and in the supplier side for such markets. Firms in a two-sided market typically subsidize one side of the market to exploit the indirect network effect. Such pricing behaviors would be more prevalent in competitive markets where firms would try to win over the battle for standard. While such qualitative expectation on the relationship between pricing behaviors and competitive structures could be easily formed, little empirical studies have measured the extent to which the distinct pricing structure in two-sided markets depends on the competitive structure of the market. This paper develops an empirical model to measure the impact of competition on optimal pricing of durable products under indirect network effects. In order to measure the impact of exogenously determined competition among firms on pricing, we compare the equilibrium prices in the observed oligopoly market to those in a hypothetical monopoly market. In computing the equilibrium prices, we account for the forward looking behaviors of consumers and supplier. We first estimate a demand function that accounts for consumers' forward-looking behaviors and indirect network effects. And then, for the supply side, the pricing equation is obtained as an outcome of the Markov Perfect Nash Equilibrium in pricing. In doing so, we utilize numerical dynamic programming techniques. We apply our model to a data set obtained from the U.S. video game console market. The video game console market is considered a prototypical case of two-sided markets in which the platform typically subsidizes one side of market to expand the installed base anticipating larger revenues in the other side of market resulting from the expanded installed base. The data consist of monthly observations of price, hardware unit sales and the number of compatible software titles for Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 from September 1996 to August 2002. Sony PlayStation was released to the market a year before Nintendo 64 was launched. We compute the expected equilibrium price path for Nintendo 64 and Playstation for both oligopoly and for monopoly. Our analysis reveals that the price level differs significantly between two competition structures. The merged monopoly is expected to set prices higher by 14.8% for Sony PlayStation and 21.8% for Nintendo 64 on average than the independent firms in an oligopoly would do. And such removal of competition would result in a reduction in consumer value by 43.1%. Higher prices are expected for the hypothetical monopoly because the merged firm does not need to engage in the battle for industry standard. This result is attributed to the distinct property of a two-sided market that competing firms tend to set low prices particularly at the initial period to attract consumers at the introductory stage and to reinforce their own networks and eventually finally to dominate the market.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.646-654
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 발효유의 휘발성 향기성분을 HS-SPME/GC-FID를 이용하여 정량분석의 가능성을 검토하고, 정량 분석의 재현성 및 정확성을 확인하여 발효유의 휘발성 향기성분 연구에 접목시키고자 실험을 실시하였다. HS-SPME를 이용하여 발효유의 acetaldehyde, acetone, diacetyl 그리고 acetoin 등의 향기성분 추출 시 $35^{\circ}C$에서 가장 효과적으로 추출할 수 있었다. 그리고 발효유의 주요 휘발성 향기성분의 표준물질을 농도별로 제조하여 standard curve를 작성하여 상관관계식을 얻을 수 있었으며, $r^2$값은 모든 표준시료에서 0.9979 이상으로 뛰어난 상관관계를 나타냈다. 곡류(백미, 현미, 발아현미, 발아현미당화)를 첨가한 발효유를 제조하여 저장기간 중 휘발성 향기성분의 함량변화를 비교분석하였다. Acetaldehyde의 경우 대조구 및 백미첨가 발효유는 저장기간 중 acetaldehyde의 함량이 약 1.4배 증가하였다. 현미와 발아현미, 그리고 발아현미 당화액을 첨가한 발효유의 경우 저장 0일차 acetaldehyde의 함량이 11.78, 12.39, 12.15 ppm으로 대조구의 0일차 함량(10.83 ppm)보다 높은 함량을 나타냈지만, 저장 15일차에는 acetaldehyde 함량이 각각 11.96, 13.04, 12.10 ppm으로 대조구의 15일차 함량(15.67 ppm)보다 약 1.3배 낮은 함량을 나타냈다. Acetone은 매우 미량으로 분석되었고, 저장기간 중 생성 또는 휘발되어 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p<0.05). 대조구 및 백미첨가발효유의 diacetyl 함량은 저장기간 중 약 2배 증가하였고, 현미와 발아현미, 그리고 발아현미 당화액 첨가 발효유의 경우 저장 0일차 함량이 각각 0.74, 0.81, 0.84 ppm으로 대조구 및 백미첨가발효유의 함량(0.35, 0.48 ppm)보다 높게 분석되었다. Acetoin 함량은 곡류를 첨가한 발효유에서 대조구보다 전체적으로 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 대조구 및 백미첨가발효유의 경우 저장기간 중 유의적인 변화를 보이지 않았으며(p<0.05), 현미와 발아현미 그리고 발아현미 당화액 첨가 발효유는 저장기간 중 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. HS-SPME/GC를 이용하여 곡류를 첨가한 발효유의 저장 기간 중 휘발성 향기성분의 변화를 정량 분석한 결과 재현성이 뛰어났으며, 개별 향기성분의 분석도 가능하였다. 따라서 발효유의 휘발성 향기성분을 고가의 장비를 사용하지 않고 간편하고 효율적으로 추출할 수 있는 HS-SPME/GC를 이용하여 정량분석이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 발효유의 휘발성 향기성분 분석 및 제조 및 품질특성에 관한 기초 연구 시 경제적이고 효율적으로 이용가능할 것으로 판단된다.