• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.247-257
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• 2005

An efficient, rapid and large-scale in vitro clonal propagation of agronomically important Indian cereal crop genotypes (NSH27 & K5) of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. by enhanced shoot proliferation in shoot tip segments was designed. MS medium fortified with plant growth regulators and coconut water markedly influenced in vitro propagation of Sorghum bicolor. In vitro plantlet production system has been investigated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with the synergistic combination of 6-benzyladenine ($22.2\;{\mu}M$), kinetin ($4.6\;{\mu}M$), adenine sulphate ($2.8\;{\mu}M$), 5% coconut water and 3% sucrose which promoted the maximum number of shoots as well as beneficial shoot length. Subculturing of shoot tip segments on a similar medium enabled continuous production of more than 100 healthy shoots with similar frequency. When the healthy shoot clumps were cultured on MS medium fortified with 6-benzyladenine ($22.2\;{\mu}M$), kinetin ($4.6\;{\mu}M$), adenine sulphate ($2.8\;{\mu}M$), ${\alpha}$-naphthaleneacetic acid ($2.7\;{\mu}M$), ascorbic acid ($30.0\;{\mu}M$) and 5% coconut water, a rapid production of axillary and adventitious buds was developed after 8 wk culture. More than 300 shoots were produced 10 wk after culture. Rooting was highest (100%) on half strength MS medium containing 22.8 mM IAA. Micropropagated plants established in garden soil, farmyard soil and sand (2:1:1) were uniform and identical to the donor plant with respect to growth characteristics. These plants grew normally without showing any traits.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2011

Transport of heavy metals such as Cd is affected by several rate-limiting processes including adsorption and desorption by exchange reactions in soils. In this study, column transport and batch kinetic experiments were performed to assess Cd mobility in a double-layered soil with a reclaimed saline and sodic soil (SSS) as top soil and macroporous granule (MPG) as a bottom layer. For individual soil layer having different physical and chemical properties, Cd was considered to be nonlinear reactivity with the soil matrix in layered soils. The dispersive equation for reactive solutes was solved with three types of boundary conditions for the interface between soil layers. The adsorption of Cd with respect to the saline-sodic sandy loam and the MPG indicated that the nature of the sites or the mechanisms involved in the sorption process of Cd was different and the amounts of Cd for both of samples increases with increasing amounts of equilibrium concentration whereas the amount of Cd adsorbed in saline-sodic sandy loam soil was higher than that in MPG. The results of breakthrough curve indicating relative Cd retardation accompanied by layer material and sequence during leaching showed that the number of pore volumes to reach the maximum relative concentration of 1 increased in the order of MPG, SSS, and double layer of SSS-MPG. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) from column experiments were well predicted with our double-layered model where independently derived solute physical and retention parameters were implemented.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.962-970
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• 2014

This study was performed to compare the physiological effects of puffed snack on diabetic and geriatric diseases using miscellaneous cereals and grain crops. The puffed snacks were prepared with different amounts of miscellaneous cereals and grain crops (in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% of brown rice). Changes in the water soluble index, water absorption index, color, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content acidity, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity, and sensory evaluation were also determined. As the cereal and crop contents increased, the value of the water soluble index increased while the water absorption index decreased, with the exception of glutinous foxtail and barnyard millets. With respect to color, lightness and yellowness decreased in concert with increases in the cereal and crop contents, whereas redness increased. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content as well as ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity increased remarkably with increasing concentrations of sorghum. There was no significant difference in the physiological activities depending on the addition of millet, barley and barnyard millets. In sensory evaluation, the puffed snacks containing sorghum, millet, and glutinous foxtail millet received higher values than other samples. Altogether, our results indicate that puffed snacks containing 10~20% sorghum could be suitable as ingredients for improving sensory and physiological activities in diabetic and geriatric diseases.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1999년도 춘계 학술대회지
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• pp.162-163
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• 1999

The goal of this research was (1) to describe the conditions and parameters required for the cell cycle synchronization and the accumulation of large number of metaphase cells in maize and other cereal root tips, (2) to isolate intact metaphase chromosomes from root tips suitable for characterization by flow cytometry, and (3) to construct chromosome-specific libraries from maize. Plant metaphase chromosomes have been successfully synchronized and isolated from many cereal root-tips. DNA synthesis inhibitor (hydroxyurea) was used to synchronize cell cycle, follwed by treatement with trifluralin to accumulate metaphase chromosomes. Maize flow karyotypes show substantial variation among inbred lines. thish variation should be sueful in isolating individual chromosome types. In addition, flow cytometry is a useful method to measure DNA content of individual chromosomes in a genotyps, and to detect chromosomal variations. Individual chromosome peaks have been sorted from the maize hybrid B73/Mol7. Libraries were generated form the DOP-PCR amplification product from each peak. To date, we have analyzed clones from a library constructed from the maize chromosome 1 peak. Hybridization of labeled genomic DNA to clone inserts indicated that $24\%,\;18\%,\;and\;58\%$ of the clones were highly repetitive, medium repetitive, and low copy, respectively. Fifty percent of putative low cpoy clones showed single bands on inbred screening, blots, and the remaining $50\%$ were low copy repeats. Single copy clones showing polymorphism will be mapped using recombinant inbred mapping populations. Repetitive clones are being characterized by Southern blot analysis, and will be screened by in situ hybridization for their potential utility as chromosome specific markers.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.172-178
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• 1998

Freezing-resistant plants can survive subzero temperatures by withstanding extracellular ice formation. During cold acclimation, their leaves accumulate antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that are secreted into the apoplast and have the ability to modify the normal growth of ice crystals. Three barley, two wheat and two rye cultivars were grown under two different temperature regimes (20/16$^{\circ}C$ and 5/2$^{\circ}C$, day/night). Apoplastic proteins from winter cereals were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected with antisera to AFPs from winter rye. Apoplastic proteins accumulated to much higher levels in cold-acclimated (CA) leaves compared with nonacclimated (NA) ones in winter cereals. After cold acclimation, the protein concentration of apoplastic extracts increased significantly from 0.088 $mgmL^{-1}$ to 0.448 $mgmL^{-1}$, with about 5-fold increment. Also, the apoplastic protein content per gram leaf fresh weight in CA leaves ranged from 31 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ to 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ with an averaged value of 77 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$, and coefficients of variation of 54.9%. The CA leaves in Musketeer (a Canadian winter rye cultivar) showed the greatest AFPs and antifreeze activity followed by 'Geurumil' (a Korean winter wheat cultivar), and 'Dongbori l' (Korean facultative barley cultivar). The proteins secreted into the wheat leaf apoplast at CA condition were more numerous than those observed in winter rye, where two $\beta$-1,3-glucanase-like proteins (GLPs), two chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) and two thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) accumulated during cold acclimation. The proteins in barley leaf apoplast at CA conditions were a little different from those in wheat leaves. The AFPs were various among and within species. More freezing-resistant cultivars had more clear and numerous bands than less freezing-resistant ones. The high determination coefficient ($R^2$ =91 %) between freezing resistance and AFPs per gram leaf fresh weight indicated that the amount of AFPs was highly related to freezing resistance in winter cereal crops.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

Low temperature stress is one of the major negative factors affecting vegetative and reproductive growth of rice. To better understand responses of rice plants to low temperature we analyzed transcriptome expression patterns in glumous flower of cold-tolerant japonica rice variety, Stejaree45, and cold-susceptible variety, HR19621-AC6 at booting stage under cold water irrigation. A total of 2,411 probes were differentially expressed by low temperature in glumous flowers of the two varieties. Some important genes involved in hormone biosynthesis showed variety-specific regulation. Expression of GA20ox3 and GA2ox, among the genes involved in GA biosynthesis, was regulated differentially in the two varieties. Among the genes involved in IAA biosynthesis, YUCCA1 and TAA1:1 showed variety-specific regulation. Among the genes involved in cytokinin biosynthsis and signaling, expression of LOG, HK1 and HK3 was significantly down-regulated only in the cold-susceptible variety. Among the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, NSY and AAO3 were down-regulated only in the cold-tolerant variety. In general, genes involved in GA, IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis responded to cold temperature in such a way that capacity of those bioactive hormones is maintained at relatively higher levels under cold temperature in the cold-tolerant variety, which can help minimize cold stress imposed to developing reproductive organs in the cold-tolerant variety.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.376-382
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• 2013

벼 벼잎집무늬마름병에 대한 저항성 품종 육성에 이용할 유전자원을 탐색하기 위하여 주요 농업적 특성 및 벼잎집무늬마름병 저항성 검정 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 40개 벼 유전자원의 주요 농업적 특성은 파종 후 출수까지 일수는 62일에서 112일까지 분포하였고 간장은 최소 59 cm에서 129 cm 범위에 분포하였으며, 이삭길이는 가장 짧은 품종은 PL3212가 17 cm, 가장 긴 품종은 Moroberekan가 29 cm이었다. 수량 구성요소 중 수수는 최소 5개에서 최대 15개 범위에 분포하였고, 수당립수는 최저 77개에서 최고 240개 범위에 분포하였다. 현미천립중은 평균 22.1 g으로 최저 13.6 g인 소립종에서 최고 29.3 g의 대립종까지 분포하였다. 2. 인디카형 조생종 1품종, 중생종 8품종, 중만생종 10품종 및 만생종 2품종에 대해 벼잎집무늬마름병에 의한 평균 병반형성비율은 각각 27.2, 45.3, 58.1 및 36.0%이었다. 자포니카형 조생종 5품종, 중생종 1품종, 중만생종 1품종 및 만생종 1품종의 벼잎집무늬마름병에 의한 평균병반형성비율은 각각 48.8, 34.2, 56.9 및 69.0% 이었고, 통일형 품종은 중생종과 중만생종 각각 2품종의 평균 병반형성비율이 32.0 및 28.9% 이었다. 3. 인디카형 중만생 품종 IR579-Es44와 IR64, 통일형 중생종 가야벼와 중만생종 아름벼 등 4품종은 벼잎집무늬마름병균 KACC No. 40101에 의한 병반형성비율이 22.9~27.2%로 중도저항성 반응을 보였다. 4. 벼잎집무늬마름병에 대해 중도 저항성을 나타낸 IR579-Es44, IR64, 가야벼 및 아름벼는 흰잎마름병에 대해 저항성이고 아름벼를 제외한 나머지 품종은 도열병에도 저항성을 보였으며 특히 간장이 작아 도복의 위험이 적고 기타 농업적 특성이 우수한 IR579-Es44, 가야벼, IR64는 각각 조생종, 중생종, 중만생 등 숙기별로 벼잎집무늬마름병 저항성 품종을 육성하는데 활용할 가치가 높을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2000

Quantifying the changes of soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes are important to understand the dynamics of active soil C and N pools. The dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N and the activity of enzymes over entire growth period of soybean-(Glycine max (L) Merr.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence on a Typic Haplustert as influenced by organic manure and inorganic fertilizer N were investigated in a field experiment. The application of farmyard manure at 4 to 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}\;y^{-1}r^{-1}$ along with fertilizer nitrogen at 50 or 180 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ increased the mean soil microbial biomass from 1.12 to 2.05 fold over unmanured soils under soybean-wheat system. Irrespective of organic and chemical fertilizer N application, the soil microbial biomass was maximum during the first two months at active growing stage of the crops and subsequently declined with crop maturity. The mean annual microbial activity was significantly increased when manure and chemical fertilizer at 8 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and 50/180 N $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively were applied. The C turnover rate decreased by 47 to 72 % when the level of farmyard manure was increased from 4 to 8 and 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. There were significant correlations between biomass C, available N, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and yield of the crops.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.674-678
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• 2010

'대유미'는 국립식량과학원 바이오에너지작물센터에서 2008년에 육성한 바이오에탄올용 고구마 신품종으로 주요 특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 넝쿨색은 녹색, 잎모양은 심장형, 잎색은 녹색을 띤다. 또한 엽맥색은 녹색으로 자색을 포함하지 않으며, 끝잎색은 녹색, 잎자루색은 녹색이다. 2. 괴근 모양은 방추형으로 껍질색은 홍색을 띤다. 육색은 대조품종 '율미'가 담홍색인데 비하여 농황색이다. 상품성을 좌우하는 표피의 형태는 골파짐이 없이 메끄럽다. 3. 토양 병해충에 대한 저항성을 조사한 결과 대조품종인 '율미'에 비하여 선충 및 덩굴쪼김병은 '중강', 검은썩음병과 연부병도 '중강'을 나타낸다. 또한 저장 중 부패율은 3.0%로 저장성이 강하다. 4. 전분가는 25.9%로 높고, 에탄올 수량은 418 (L/톤, 건조고구마)으로 높다. 총당 함량은 '대유미'가 2.46 g/100 g(dw)으로 '율미'에 비하여 62% 수준이다. 당 종류별로는 Sucrose가 2.08 g/100 g (dw)으로 가장 많이 함유되어 있다. 5. 전분의 최고점도(Peak viscosity)가 높아 전분의 탄력성이 좋으며, 응집점도는 노화도가 빠르다. 호화개시 온도는 $76.2^{\circ}C$로 낮은 온도에서 호화된다. 6. 수량은 조기재배의 25.0 t/ha, 만기 및 적기재배는 27.80t/ha으로 수량이 높다.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.679-683
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• 2010

'연자미'는 국립식량과학원 바이오에너지작물센터에서 2008년에 육성한 식용 자색고구마 신품종으로 주요 특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 넝쿨길이는 284cm로 길며. 넝쿨색은 녹자색, 잎모양은 심장형, 잎색은 녹색을 띤다. 또한 잎뒷면의 엽맥색은 녹색으로 자색을 포함하지 않으며, 끝잎색은 녹색, 잎자루색은 녹색이다. 2. 괴근 모양은 장방추형으로 껍질색은 자색을 띤다. 육색은 대조품종 '신자미'가 농자색인데 비하여 자색이다. 상품성을 좌우하는 표피의 형태는 골파짐이 없이 메끄럽다. 3. 토양 병해충에 대한 저항성을 조사한 결과 대조품종인 '신자미'에 비하여 선충 및 덩굴쪼김병은 중강, 검은썩음병과 연부병도 중강을 나타낸다. 또한 저장 중 부패율은 4.2%로 저장성이 강하다. 4. 품질특성은 '신자미'에 비하여 식미가 우수하다. 육질은 중간질이며 당도가 15.3 $Brix^{\circ}$로 '신자미'보다 높다. 폴리페놀함량 및 항산화활성이 높아 기능성이 우수하다. 5. 수량은 조기재배의 경우 26.9 t/ha으로 '신자미'에 비하여 108%로 수량이 증수된다. 만기 및 적기재배는 25.9 t/ha으로 '신자미' 대비 115%로 수량이 높다.