• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food and Cookery Science Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.118-118
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• 2005

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.318-322
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• 2014

The effects of cover crops on weed suppression were evaluated in this study. Weed suppressing effects of hairy vetch cover crops were evaluated in summer grain fields. Cover crops were sown at the sowing rate of $60kg\;ha^{-1}$ on Oct. 2012 and Feb. 2013 without basal fertilization. Three weeks old sorghum seedlings were transplanted after minimum tillage on June 2013. Hairy vetch cover crop treatment significantly reduced weed biomass in the transplanted sorghum. By smothering, the cover crops reduced weed biomass to economic level in sorghum. Besides the weed suppression, hairy vetch cover crop resulted in green manure effect on crop growth. Hairy vetch treatment showed beneficial effects on sorghum growth. Reduction of weeds caused by use of strip-tillage machine and polyethylene film mulching was 71% and 88%, respectively. At harvest, yield of sorghum was greater in order of polyethylene film mulching > hairy vetch cover crop > control in transplanted fields.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.409-416
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• 2013

Millet and sorghum are major dryland cereal crops, however their growth and productivity is limited by soil water stress with varying intensity. The major objective of this study was to evaluate water stress of millet and sorghum yield under drainage classes of poorly drained soil and to test the effect of the installed pipe drainage in poorly drained paddy soil to minimize crop stress. The research was carried out in poorly drained paddy fields located at alluvial slopping area resulting in non-uniform water content distribution by the inflow of ground water from the upper part of the field. Stress Day Index (SDI) was determined from a stress day factor (SD) and a crop susceptibility factor (CS). SD is a degree of measurement by calculating the daily sum of excess water in the profile above 30cm soil depth ($SEW_{30}$). CS depends on a given excess water on crop stage. The results showed that sum of excess water day ($SWD_{30}$) used to represent the moisture stress index was lower on somewhat poorly drained soil compared with poorly drained soil on 117 days. CS values for sorghum were 57% on $3^{rd}$ leaf stage, 44% on $5^{th}$ leaf stage, 37% on panicle initiation, 23% on boot stage, and 16% on soft dough stage. For proso millet CS values were 84% on $3^{rd}$ leaf stage, 70% on $5^{th}$ leaf Stage, 65% on panicle initiation, 53% on boot stage, and 28% on soft dough stage. And for foxtail millet the values were 73% on $3^{rd}$ leaf stage, 61% on $5^{th}$ leaf stage, 50% on panicle initiation, 29% on boot stage, and 15% on soft dough stage. SDI of sorghum and millet was more susceptible to excess soil water during panicle initation stage more poorly drained soil than somewhat poorly drained soil. Grain yield was reduced especially in proso millet and Foxtail millet compared to Sorghum.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2013

Preharvest sprouting seriously reduces milling and baking quality of hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain. To determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on decreasing of preharvest sprouting, several levels of N-fertilization were conducted in two winter wheat cv. Keumkang and Jokyung, grown in Iksan. Nitrogen fertilization is used to increase grain yield and protein content. Grain yield increased at 108kg/ha (50% increased nitrogen to the standard) application and decreased as more nitrogen was applied. There was a linear increase in grain protein contents with increasing level of nitrogen application. Germination rate, germination index and ABA sensitivity were gradually reduced by increasing of nitrogen application level. Preharvest sprouting showed a significantly correlation to germination rate but could not be correlated to protein content and falling number. A significant positive correlation was detected between preharvest sprouting and different additional nitrogen fertilizer levels.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop a easy seedling method to test large amounts of barley and wheat cultivars for resistance of powdery mildew. In addition, we also examined the resistance of genetic resources that have been used in barley and wheat breeding programs in Korea. This seedling test used paper bag with seeds can be completed within three weeks. to-day seedlings were available to inoculation and 8 days was needed for result reading. This method can test at least 180 collections at one time. we can identify the two resistant types by leave symptoms showed non infection and necrotic spots. Among the 79 Korean barley cultivars, only two cultivar, 'Sangrokbori' and 'Dajinbori' were resistant and 'Jejubori' showed moderate resistant. There was no resistant in hulless barley and wheat cultivars. It was same results in comparison of earlier resistant reports in field test. We confirm that this method could using in test of powdery mildew resistance in barley and wheat. Among the 1,401 genetic resources using in Korean breeding program, malting barley has more resistant collections comparing to 796 hulled and hulless barley and 273 wheat germplasms.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 1991

Information on brew time for Samhaeju can get from the 26 kinds of classical literature, which deal with Samhaeju. Usually, Samhaeju is brewed on any day of the Boar in January of the lunar calendar. However, any day of the Boar in a year seams to be possible for the brew time. In the first step of the manufacture procedure, nonglutinous and glutinous rice are used with the same propontion. The nonglutious and glutinous rice ratio become higher on the 2nd and the 3rd step than in the 1st step. The amount of water adding to the Samhaeju-base is increased step by step. In the first step, processing type of the cereal is predominantly gruel type, which is followed by rice calce. In the 2nd step, rice cake and doughnut-type rice cake are more common type than gruel type. In the 3rd step, processing type of the cereal in Samhaeju is mostly steamed water-soaked rice. Companing China and Japan with Korea, there is difference in the processing types of the cereal. They use steamed water-soaked rice in any step. Nuruk(fermenter) is added to the cold processed cereal in the first step.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: With increasing public awareness to environment-friendly agriculture, many efforts have been run to develop organic farming technologies in Korea as of late 90s. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different organic farming practices on soil chemical properties and water quality in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were monitored for a two-year period (2006 to 2007) from the study organic paddy fields located in Wan-ju, Jeonbuk Province in Korea. TN and TP of organic paddy water were gradually increased for 2~3 weeks after organic manure application and then gradually decreased afterward. The overall variation of TP in the paddy fields was much greater than that of TN. The phosphorus content in organic paddy field appeared to increase with the organic farming period. CONCLUSION(s): This indicates that long-term organic farming is likely to cause phosphorus accumulation in soils and increase vulnerability to rainfall runoff. Thus, appropriate phosphorus management needs to be implemented, particularly, to reduce excessive phosphorus supply owing to nitrogen-based determination of organic manure application amount.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1998

This Study was performed to investigate the contents of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in cereal, pulse, nuts and these products of domestic and import. These results were as follows. 1. Average concentration(in ${\mu}g/kg$) of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in domestic foods were 2.6 in cereal, 3.9 in pulse, 4.2 in nuts and 1.4 grain products. The contents of aflatoxin B$_{1}$ in pulse and nuts were much higher than those of cereal and grain products. But their values were still within $10{\mu}g/kg$ the maximum residual level of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ for food of Korea. 2. Average contents of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in import foods were 4.8, 5.4, 6.0, $3.8{\mu}g/kg$ for cereal pulse , nuts and popcorn & peanuts butter, respectively. And these values were found to be below the maximum residual level ($10{\mu}g/kg$) of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ for food of Korea. 3. The concentration of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in 2 samples of domestic and 9 samples of import foods were over the tolerance limit for aflatoxin $B_{1}$ in food of Korea. Therefore, the hygienic managements of the foods should be required during storage and circulation at market.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.13.1-13.8
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• 2010

The National BioResource Project of Japan is a governmental project to promote domestic/international research activities using biological resources. The project has 27 biological resources including three cereal resources. The core center and sub-center which historically collected the cereal resources were selected for each cereal program. These resources are categorized into several different types in the project; germplasm, genetic stocks, genome resources and database information. Contents of rice resources are wild species, local varieties in East and Southwest Asia & wild relatives, MNU-induced chemical mutant lines, marker tester lines, chromosome substitution lines and other experimental lines. Contents of wheat resources are wild strains, cultivated strains, experimental lines, rye wild and cultivated strains; EST clones and full-length cDNA clones. Contents of barley resources are cultivar and experimental lines, core collection, EST/cDNA clones, BAC clones, their filters and superpool DNA. Each resource is accessible from the online database to see the contents and information about the resources. Links to the genome information and genomic tools are also important function of each database. The major contents and some examples are presented here.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.401-410
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• 2006

The plastid transformation approach offers a number of unique advantages, including high-level transgene expression, multi-gene engineering, transgene containment, and a lack of gene silencing and position effects. The extension of plastid transformation technology to monocotyledonous cereal crops, including rice, bears great promise for the improvement of agronomic traits, and the efficient production of pharmaceutical or nutritional enhancement. Here, we report a promising step towards stable plastid transformation in rice. We produced fertile transplastomic rice plants and demonstrated transmission of the plastidexpressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) and aminoglycoside 3′-adenylyltransferase genes to the progeny of these plants. Transgenic chloroplasts were determined to have stably expressed the GFP, which was confirmed by both confocal microscopy and Western blot analyses. Although the produced rice plastid transformants were found to be heteroplastomic, and the transformation efficiency requires further improvement, this study has established a variety of parameters for the use of plastid transformation technology in cereal crops.