• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2010

Objectives : The moxibustion is the method using the heat stimulation done by attached and burned a moxa on a healing point or acupuncture point with chemical stimulation of a resin made from burning them. The purpose of this study is to find the physical and thermal characteristics of moxibustion in order to standardize the moxa therapy method. Methods : In this study, the thermal changes were observed by means of a testo 845 device, which is an infra-red thermometer to measure the thermal changes. Results & Conclusions : 1. The thermal changes on the external surface of moxibustion did not depend on the weight of the moxa; the external surface temperature was about $500^{\circ}C$. 2. The central thermal changes depend on the weight of moxa; the central temperatures ranged from $500^{\circ}C$ to $700^{\circ}C$. 3. The burning duration of moxibustion depend on the weight of moxa but that of external surface temperature did not depend on the weight of moxa in high degree : about $400^{\circ}C$. 4. The integral values of central and external temperature curves were proportional to the weight of moxa; that is central temperature curves were higher than that of external.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2007

In this paper, a research has been conducted to find out the optimal combination of central meridian and scale factor of UTM-K to apply for the whole area of Korean peninsula. For this research, various combinations of central meridian and stale factor are set up and the cumulated level or distortion for each combination has been computed and compared to each other. In the case of using the central meridian and scale factor defined in the present UTM-K, the level of distortion shows about $47.0837{\times}10^{-2}$. On the other hand, the minimum distortion which is about $21.0495{\times}10^{-2}$ can be obtained when the $127^{\circ}26'$ for the central meridian and 0.99991 for scale factor are used for computation. Consequently, we can conclude that later result is the optimum combination of central meridian and scale factor for the Korean peninsula.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.197-210
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• 2018

In order to clarify spatial meaning of Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說) within the human body. Meridian Divergence(經別) was studied mainly on "Miraculous Pivot(靈樞) - Meridian Divergence section(經別篇)". Furthermore, the meaning of Meridian Divergence(經別) was investigated based on Symbolic Mathematical Study(象數學). Firstly, Meridian divergence(經別) is associated with brain and Viscera and Bowels(臟腑) which are located in the Central Palace(中宮, Zhong Gong). It draws that Meridian Divergence(經別) is a theory based on Nine Palace(九宮, Jiugong), the spatial theory of Symbolic Mathematical Study(象數學). In this system, Viscera and Bowels(臟腑) were included in Meridian and Collateral(經絡). Secondly, the Central Palace(中宮, Zhong Gong) imparts functionality to Nine Palace(九宮, Jiu Gong). Therefore, brain and Viscera and Bowels(臟腑) in Central Palace(中宮, Zhong Gong) supply Qi and Blood(氣血) to whole Meridian and Collateral(經絡) and also control each Meridian and Collateral(經絡) through Twelve Meridian Divergences(十二經別). Meridian and Collateral Theory(經絡學說) is the theory of Body space. The basic theory of Twelve Meridian Vessels(十二經脈), Three Yin and Three Yang(三陰三陽) signifies six areas of human body space. And Fifteen Collateral Vessels(十五絡脈) connect the six areas of the Twelve Meridian Vessles(十二經脈) through Six Harmonies(六合, liu He). In addition, Meridian Divergence(經別) is also based on Nine Palace(九宮, Jiu Gong). Thus, Meridian and Collateral(經絡) classifies and organically integrates the human body space that is filled with Qi and Blood(氣血) by applying the theories of Symbolic Mathematical Study(象數學). Recently presented Morphogenetic field hypothesis resembles Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說). However Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說) is considered to be the substantive concept that has relation to treatments based on Meridian points(經穴) which contain the spatial information of Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2006

Recently, the single plane coordinate system which has one origin is required to create and manage continuous geographic framework data of entire Korean peninsula. For this, UTM-K (Univercial Transverse Mercator-K) was established in 2005. In this paper, the level of distortion was analyzed with respect to the central meridian and scale factor of UTM-K. The latitude and longitude values of the center point of 1/25000 scale digital maps were used for calculating the scale factor which was created by projection and the scale factor was used for index that presents the degree of distortion. As a result, accumulated distortion of scale factor by UTM-K map projection showed about $23.744{\times}10^{-2}$. On the other hand, the minimum distortion which was about $5.1435{\times}10^{-2}$ occurred when central meridian is $127^{\circ}\;42'$ and scale factor of central meridian was 0.99994 respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

Facial expression was an important communication methods. In oriental medicine, according to the emotion the face has changed shape and difference occurs in physiology and pathology. To verify such a theory, we studied the correlation between emotional facial expressions and meridian and collateral flow. The facial region divided by meridian, outer brow was Gallbladder meridian, inner brow was Bladder meridian, medial canthus was Bladder meridian, lateral canthus was Gallbladder meridian, upper eyelid was Bladder meridian, lower eyelid was Stomach meridian, central cheeks was Stomach meridian, lateral cheeks was Small intestine meridian, upper and lower lips, lip corner, chin were Small and Large intestine meridian. Meridian and collateral associated with happiness was six. This proves happiness is a high importance on facial expression. Meridian and collateral associated with anger was five. Meridian and Collateral associated with fear and sadness was four. This shows fear and sadness are a low importance on facial expression than different emotion. Based on yang meridian which originally descending flow in the body, the ratio of anterograde and retrograde were happiness 3:4, angry 2:5, sadness 5:3, fear 4:1. Based on face of the meridian flow, the ratio of anterograde and retrograde were happiness 5:2, angry 3:4, sadness 3:5, fear 4:1. We found out that practical meridian and collateral flow change by emotion does not correspond to the expected meridian and collateral flow change by emotion.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2013

Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated administration of the exogenous stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) induces dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and results in depression and anxiety. The current study sought to verify the impact of catechin (CTN) administration on chronic CORT-induced behavioral alterations using the forced swimming test (FST) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Additionally, the effects of CTN on central noradrenergic systems were examined by observing changes in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in rat brains. Male rats received 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg CTN (i.p.) 1 h prior to a daily injection of CORT for 21 consecutive days. The activation of the HPA axis in response to the repeated CORT injections was confirmed by measuring serum levels of CORT and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Daily CTN administration significantly decreased immobility in the FST, increased open-arm exploration in the EPM test, and significantly blocked increases of TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC). It also significantly enhanced the total number of line crossing in the open-field test (OFT), while individual differences in locomotor activities between experimental groups were not observed in the OFT. Taken together, these findings indicate that the administration of CTN prior to high-dose exogenous CORT significantly improves helpless behaviors, possibly by modulating the central noradrenergic system in rats. Therefore, CTN may be a useful agent for the treatment or alleviation of the complex symptoms associated with depression and anxiety disorders.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.101-121
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• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation to the meridian, acupoint and nerve. The common locations of the spinal cord and brain projecting to the the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were observed following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), into the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve of the rabbit. After survival times of 96 hours following injection of PRV, the thirty rabbits were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In spinal cord, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina V, VII, X, intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal nucleus. 2. In medulla oblongata, The PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus. 3. In Pons, PRV labeled neurons were parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and cochlear nucleus. 4. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons were founded in central gray matter and substantia nigra. 5. In diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were founded in lateral hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 6. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neuron were founded in hind limb area.This results suggest that PRV labeled common areas of the spinal cord projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve may be first-order neurons related to the somatic sensory, viscero-somatic sensory and symapathetic preganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled common area of the brain may be first, second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscle in gallbladder and blood vessels.These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory system monitoring the internal environment, including both visceral sensation and various chemical and physical qualities of the bloodstream. The present morphological results provide that gallbladder meridian and acupoint may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2023

Objectives & Methods: The entire ≪Lingshu·Jingjin≫ content was analyzed to find repetitive patterns, as well as to analyze commonly used terms. Through this, the guidelines for interpretation were presented. Results & Conclusions: ≪Lingshu·Jingjin≫ is not a question-and-answer format, but a simple enumerated narrative format. There is no part corresponding to the introduction, only the descriptions of 12 individual Meridian-muscle exist. Each Meridian-muscle is divided into 'Flow of Muscle Mechanics(流走)' part and 'Diseases' part, and 'Flow of Muscle Mechanics' of each Meridian-muscle can be divided into 'Main Flow' and 'Branch'. 'Main Flow' is the most central 'Flow' in each 'Meridian-muscle', and 'Branch' is the part where 'Main Flow' ends and the description of another 'Flow' begins. 'Branch' has different expressions according to the importance. The expression also varies depending on the dynamics. 'Meridian-muscle' should be interpreted based on this.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.135-140
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• 2023

Objectives : Moxibustion-related standards have been established by organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Korean Standards Association (KSA), among others. Methods : We summarized moxibustion-related standards that have been published by ISO and KSA. Results : Technical Committees 249 (ISO/TC 249), which was established in 2009, has been established moxibustion devices standards in working group (WG) 4. International standards have been established for moxibustion devices, smokeless moxibustion devices, moxa floss quality, and electric heating moxibustion equipment. Work on international standards for infrared moxibustion-like instruments and moxibustion device terminology is currently in progress. Conclusions : Korea has taken a central role establishing international standards for a wide range of moxibustion devices, supported by fundamental research data in this field. To continue its influence in establishing these international standards, further studies providing the basis for moxibustion device standardization are required.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.453-465
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to introduce the concept of the geographic center, to examine its value as locational resource, and to consider the way of its practical uses. Geographic center is the intersection point where central meridian and central parallel cross each other. This geographic locational resources can be used as data for locational education in geographic education, the standards for antipodes, datum points for geodetic surveying, a factor of place marketing, etc. This study can be a model for a geographic discovery that is to seek many geographic resources being scattered about our country.