• KSTLE International Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Nano-scale studies on adhesion and friction were conducted in Si-wafer (100) using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Glass (Borosilicate) balls of radii 0.32$\mu\textrm{m}$, 1.25$\mu\textrm{m}$, and 2.5$\mu\textrm{m}$, mounted on cantilever (Contact Mode type NPS) were used as tips. Adhesion and friction between Si-wafer and glass tips were measured at ambient temperature (24${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$) and humidity (45${\pm}$5%). Friction was measured as a function of applied normal load in the range of 0-160 nN. Results showed that, both adhesion and friction increased with the tip radii. Also, friction increased linearly as a function of applied normal load. The effect of tip size on adhesion and friction was explained as the influence of the capillary force exerted by meniscus and that of the contact area on these parameters respectively. The coefficient of friction was estimated in two different ways, as the slope from the plot of friction force against the applied normal load and as the ratio between the friction force and the applied normal load. Both these estimates showed that the coefficient of friction increased with the tip size. Further, the influence of the adhesion force on the coefficient of friction was also discussed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2006

Statement of problem: The previous unilateral bite force recorder has several limitations for taking long time for measuring and causing discomfort to subjects. Because of these reasons, it could not use widely for epidemiological researches. However, 'Dental Prescale System' which is new equipment for measuring bite force, is more convenient for measuring bite force than previous unilateral recorder. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare a new technique(Dental Prescale System) using pressure sensitive foils for recording of maximal jaw closing force with conventional measurement using unilateral bite force recorder Material and method: This studies included 22 healthy dental students in college of dentistry Yonsei university in Rep of Korea. Mean age was 23.9 years. All subjects had continuous dental arches and no significant malocclusion or signs from the teeth and craniomandibular system. The Dental Prescale System (Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan) consists of a horseshoe-shaped pressure sensitive sheet (50H, R type) and a computerized scanning system.(FPD705) We also used unilateral bite force recorder(Denbotics Co. Seoul, Rep.Korea) for comparing with Dental Prescale. Results and conclusion: The total bite force recorded with Dental Prescale System (1423 N) was systematically higher than that recorded by unilateral bite force recorder. (256 N) However, the maximum bite force values measured in the two ways were significantly correlated (r=0.46, p<0.05). The Dental Prescale bite force calculated for first molar (208 N) was lower than that recorded by unilateral bite force recorder. (256 N) The two values were also very significantly correlated. (r=0.66. p<0.001) There were significantly different in bite force between two measurement methods. The reasons were first, unilateral bite force recorder measured only the bite force of a part of teeth, and Dental Prescale measured the total teeth force. Second, in measurement, a difference in muscle contraction appeared by an extent of mouth-opening. Third, unilateral bite force recorder has the reducing effect of the bite force by protective tape. Fourth, Dental Prescale has limitations during the computer scanning procedure. Therefore, Dental Prescale System is considered to be a very promising alternative to be conventional bite force recording methods.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.677-682
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• 2006

Statement of problem. Various double crown systems have been used with removable partial dentures in the clinical field. Although retentive force between inner and outer crown are affected by several factors, differences between the retentive forces of different double crown system types are expected. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial retentive force of outer crowns fabricated by the conventional casting technique in conus and hybrid double crowns. Material and methods. Ten double crowns were fabricated. The groups were as follows. Group 1, double crowns of hybrid inner and outer crowns using the conventional casting method; Group 2, double crowns of conus inner and outer crowns using the conventional casting method. Tensile strengths of double crowns when the inner and outer crowns were separated on a universal testing machine were measured. These values of retentive force were then statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results. Retentive force in group 2 was significantly higher than that in group 1(p<.05). Conclusion. The initial retentive forces of double crowns were affected by the types of the double crown system.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.170-176
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• 2013

Lymphedema is a phenomenon in which fluid is accumulated inside tissues due to the damaged lymphatic systems. Lymphedema can cause complications such as lymphangitis, infection, changes in skin texture, fibrosis, and lymphangiosarcoma. In this study, a lymphedema screening system based on the elasticity of the skin is proposed to easily quantify lymphedema. The developed probe consists of touch sensors, a load cell and hall-effect sensors to measure the indentation force on the skin and the return time of the skin. The developed system can be used to estimate the change in the elasticity of the skin to quantify lymphedema. The system was tested with a thyroid phantom and gelatin phantoms of different concentrations and the resulting force and the time were recorded. It was found that the increase in the elasticity leads to a higher indentation force and shorter return time. This shows that the developed system can monitor the change in the skin elasticity by measuring the return time and the indentation force. The feasibility of the system in clinical applications will be evaluated in the future study.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.3 s.42
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• pp.375-389
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• 1993

The delivery of optimal orthodontic treatment is greatly influenced by a clinician's ability to predict and control tooth movement achieved by applying known force systems to the dentition. It is important to determine the location of the center of resistance of a tooth or group of teeth to better understand the nature of their displacement characteristics under the various force levels. The purpose of this study was to define the location of the centers of resistance of various units of the upper anterior segment for lingually directed 100gm and 200gm force in a dry human skull. The units investigated were composed of four incisors and six anterior teeth. In addition, the effect of change in force magnitude on the location of the center of resistance of these units was investigated. The laser reflection technique was used to measure the initial displacements of the consolidated teeth under loading. The results were as follows: 1. The instantaneous center of resistance for the four anterior teeth was located vertically between level 4 and level 5-that is, at $37.4\%$ apical to the cementoenamel junction level. 2. The instantaneous center of resistance for the six anterior teeth was located vertically just beneath level 5-that is, at $50.3\%$ apical to the cementoenamel junction level. 3. Increasing force levels had little effect on the location of the center of resistance of a given unit. 4. The location of the instantaneous center of resistance shifted apically as the number of dental units consolidated increased.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.261-264
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• 1972

The cubic force constants of the binary hydrides, LiH, BeH, BH, CH, NH and OH are evaluated by use of the one center function of Bishop et. al. The results are reasonably good. The master formula suggested in the previous report of the present author is found relatively insensitive to the crudities of the wave function.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.238-246
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• 2004

In displaying a virtual wall using a passive haptic device equipped with passive actuators such as electric brakes, unsmooth motion frequently occurs. This undesirable behavior is attributed to time delay due to slowness in the virtual environment update and force approximation due to the inability of a brake to generate torque in arbitrary directions. In this paper a new control scheme called direct control is proposed to achieve smooth display on the wall-following task with a passive haptic device. In direct control, brakes are controlled so that the normal component of a resultant force at the end-effector vanishes, based on the force analysis at the end-effector of the passive haptic device using the passive FME (Force Manipulability Ellipsoid). Various experiments have been conducted to verify the validity of the direct control scheme with a 2-link passive haptic system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.3-8
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• 1994

This paper presents a practical method of measuring the cutting force milling process by sensing the feed-drive servo motor current,avoiding the use of a dynamomenter. The relation between the cutting force and the servo motor currents is obtained after the feed-drive system of machining center is modelled. In order to measure the cutting force indirectly, the cutting force in the feed-drive system is regrared as a disturbance, and a disturbance estimator is designed using Kalman filter. A horizontal type machining center is used in the experimental study. A comparison is made between the cutting force measured from the dynamometer and the servo motor current.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.653-657
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• 1996

This paper presents adaptive cutting force control in milling process using indirect cutting force measurement. The cutting forces in X, Y, and Z axes are measured indirectly from the sensing current of the feed-drive servo motor. After modelling the feed-drive system of a horizontal machining center, the relation between the cutting force and the servo motor current is analyzed. The pulsating milling forces are measured from the sensing current within the bandwidth of the servo. It is shown that indirect cutting farce measurement can be used in adaptive cutting force control. The adaptive control scheme which is globally convergent and stable is attached to a commercial CNC machining center. Cutting experiments on end milling are performed for diagonal cutting.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1986

This paper deals with the effect of static and dynamic cuttig force and the behaviour of drill life in drilling process. The experiments are performed with cemented carbide drills and high speed steel drills of 10mm in diameter and in an annealed SM45C. The conclusions are as follows (1) Dynamic cutting force is varied with the dept of hole. (2) Dynamic cutting forces of torque and thrust are increase with the increase in feed and cutting speed. (3) Chipping influence the dynamic cutting force of thrust than torque, and in the case of thrust, the amplitude is 3-7 times large than ordinary cutting state. (4) Prediction of drill life can be obtained from more easily the amplitude of static cutting force than that of dynamic cutting force.