• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.307-313
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• 1994

We have previously shown that crude water extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) had strong prophylactic effect against chemically induced-and tumor cell implanted-cancer, and that the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor effects were due to nonspecific enhancement of the NK cell activities and the cell mediated immunity. However, it was unknown that any components of crude extract did work so, since it consisted of several components. In this paper, we fractionated the crude watar EA-extract into several fraction such as hexane-, ethylether-, ethyl acetate-, n-butanol- and water soluble-fraction, and screened the immune regulating activities of each fraction by the evaluation of lymphokine production and activated lymphocyte proliferation. As a result of the component fraction of EA-extract, it was found that n-butanol fraction was a potent immunostimulator, and the remained water soluble fraction also contained some stimulator, But, other fraction did not showed any remarkable effect. It is therefore suggested that EA-glycosides in n-butanol fraction may be new one of the potent biological response modifiers. The present study was also undertaken in an efforts to investigate the effects of elm-bark(EB, Ulmus clavidiana var japonica), which has been used for curing ulcer and inflammation as a folk medicine without any kind of experimental evidence to support this, on the cellular- and humoral-immune responses, lymphocyte function and NK cell activities in mice. Regardless of time and duration of EB-treatment, Arthus reaction and antibody response to SRBC were not modified by EB, but delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC was significantly enhanced only when EB was treated prior to SRBC-sensitization. EB slightly inhibited the proliferation responses of splenocytes to PHA-stimulation, but it significantly augmented the responses of these cells to S aureus Cowan 1 and Con A-activation, and these effects were manifested only when EB was added at culture initiation. EB did not influence Ig secretion of spleen cells but it significantly augmented the Con A-induced 1L 2 and MIF production of splenocytes. NK cell activities of splenocytes were markedly riled when effector cells were pretreated with EB and this augmentation was dine to the increase of binding affinity of effector cells to target cells and the target cell lytic activities of effector cells. These results led to the conclusion that EB triggers increase of cellular immune responses, such as delayed hypersensitivitiy, lymphokine production and NK cell activities. Also these results suggested that EB contains potent immune stimulants, which may provide the rational basis for their therapeutic use as one of the new biological response modifiers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제71권6호
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• pp.454-458
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• 2011

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia occurring in Western nations. In CLL it is well known that the risk of a secondary malignancy is higher than in the normal population. But in Korea, CLL is a rare type of leukemia, so there have been only a few reported cases with a secondary malignancy. CLL is characterized by progressive defects in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. It is known that defects in the immune system of patients with CLL contribute to the development of a secondary malignancy. We experienced a case of a 71-year-old man who suffered from a chronic cough and was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer coexisting with CLL. Until this case, there was no reported case in Korea of small cell lung cancer coexisting with CLL. We now report a case of small cell lung cancer coexisting with CLL and present a literature review.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Follicular helper T ($T_{FH}$) cells are recently highlighted as their crucial role for humoral immunity to infection as well as their abnormal control to induce autoimmune disease. During an infection, na$\ddot{i}$ve T cells are differentiating into $T_{FH}$ cells which mediate memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells in germinal center (GC). $T_{FH}$ cells are characterized by their expression of master regulator, Bcl-6, and chemokine receptor, CXCR5, which are essential for the migration of T cells into the B cell follicle. Within the follicle, crosstalk occurs between B cells and $T_{FH}$ cells, leading to class switch recombination and affinity maturation. Various signaling molecules, including cytokines, surface molecules, and transcription factors are involved in $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation. IL-6 and IL-21 cytokine-mediated STAT signaling pathways, including STAT1 and STAT3, are crucial for inducing Bcl-6 expression and $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation. $T_{FH}$ cells express important surface molecules such as ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, BTLA, SAP and CD40L for mediating the interaction between T and B cells. Recently, two types of microRNA (miRNA) were found to be involved in the regulation of $T_{FH}$ cells. The miR-17-92 cluster induces Bcl-6 and $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation, whereas miR-10a negatively regulates Bcl-6 expression in T cells. In addition, follicular regulatory T ($T_{FR}$) cells are studied as thymus-derived $CXCR5^+PD-1^+Foxp3^+\;T_{reg}$ cells that play a significant role in limiting the GC response. Regulation of $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation and the GC reaction via miRNA and $T_{FR}$ cells could be important regulatory mechanisms for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we review recent studies on the various factors that affect $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation, and the role of $T_{FH}$ cells in autoimmune diseases.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.717-719
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• 2006

금사상황버섯의 추출물이 NK 세포 활성에 미치는 영향을 인체 실험을 통해 조사하였다. 대상자는 금사상황버섯 추출물 복용 군과 위약 복용군 각각 31명씩이었으며 총 8주간 상황버섯 추출물 및 위약을 하루 3캡슐씩 2회, 총 6캡슐 (3.3 g/일) 매일 경구 복용하였다. 연구 결과, NK 세포의 지표로 알려진 $CD56^+$ 세포의 수는 금사상황버섯 추출물 복용에 의해 근소한 증가를 나타냈으나 통계적인 유의성은 없었고, 대조군과의 비교에서도 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 한편, NK 세포의 활성은, 금사상황 버섯 추출물을 복용한 군에서는 Jurkat 세포주에 대한 세포독성이 복용 전에 비해 유의하게 증기한 반면, 대조군의 경우는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과로부터 금사상황버섯 추출물의 복용은 NK 세포의 수적인 증가를 유도하지는 않지만 그 가능의 활성화를 통해 세포성면역을 향상시키는 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2024

림프절은 인체에 침입한 감염원에 대하여 면역반응을 일으키는 곳이다. 림프절은 스트로마세포에 의해 뚜렷하게 구획화되어 있다. 스트로마세포들은 면역세포의 이동, 활성화, 분화를 야기하기 위해 상호작용을 위해 미세환경을 제공한다. FRC는 림프절의 T zone에서 3차원 구조물을 형성하여 면역세포의 통로를 제공한다. FRC는 림프절 구조, 면역세포 리쿠르트, 면역세포와의 상호작용, 항원제시 등을 촉진시키는 역할을 한다. 염증반응 동안, FRC는 면역세포들의 면역반응을 조절하기 위해 국부적이며 분비성 물질을 통해 면역반응을 조절하고 있다. 본문 면역반응 조절을 위해 FRC가 면역반응의 setup, support 그리고 suppress 단계로 3부분에 관여하여 면역반응을 조절하고 있는 것으로 나누어 설명하였다. 전체적으로 FRC는 T 세포생물학적 효율성 증대를 위해 기능을 하는 것으로 보인다. 더불어, FRC는 식작용을 통해 선천성 면역반응에 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 FRC는 림프절에서 면역반응의 immune gate-keepers로써 위치적 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다. 전체적으로 FRC는 선천성면역과 적응면역의 조절기능에 대한 내용으로 설명하다. 이러한 협력적 피드백 루프는 염증반응 동안 림프절의 기능을 유지하는데 기여를 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.11.1-11.7
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• 2017

Background: Use of prebiotics in companion animal nutrition is often considered advantageous over probiotics because of the ease of handling, ability to withstand processing and storage etc. While most of the studies on prebiotic use in dogs have been done with processed food as basal diet, the response in relation to homemade diet feeding is not very well explored. Methods: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, immune response and antioxidant indices in dogs. Ten Spitz pups were divided into two groups: control (CON) with no supplementation, and experimental (MOS) wherein the basal diet was supplemented with MOS at 15 g/kg diet. All dogs were fed on a home-prepared diet for a period of 150 days. The study protocol included a digestion trial, periodic blood collection and analysis for lipid profile and erythrocytic antioxidants. Immune response of the animals was assessed towards the end of the feeding period. Results: Results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) variations in palatability score, intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients between the groups. Faecal score, faeces voided, faecal pH, concentrations of ammonia, lactate and short-chain fatty acids were comparable (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Cell-mediated immune response, assessed as delayed-type of hypersensitivity response, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the MOS group. The percent of lymphocyte sub-populations CD4+ and ratio of CD4+:CD8+ were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in MOS group. The serum IgG levels were similar (P > 0.05) in both the groups. Supplementation of MOS lowered (P < 0.05) serum total- and LDL- cholesterol levels, when compared with the control group. The erythrocytic antioxidant indices were similar (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Conclusions: The results indicated that supplementation of MOS at the rate of 15 g/kg in the diet of dog augmented the cell-mediated immune response and serum lipid profile without any influences on digestibility of nutrients, hindgut fermentation and antioxidants indices.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1071-1077
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• 2017

A rise in the occurrence of allergic diseases is attributed to the dysregulated balance of type 1/type 2 immunity, where type 2 T-helper (Th2) cells predominate over type 1 T-helper (Th1) cells, leading to an abnormally increased production of IgE in response to unharmful antigens. Kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food, is a rich source of beneficial lactic acid bacteria. In this study, we investigated the ability of Enterococcus faecium FC-K derived from kimchi to induce type I immunity in the presence of Th2 polarizing conditions in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with E. faecium FC-K induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12. Under the in vitro Th2 conditions in which splenic T cells were activated in the presence of IL-4, E. faecium FC-K enhanced the ability of T cells to produce interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$. Using the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergy model, male BALB/c mice receiving E. faecium FC-K reduced the serum level of total IgE, but not that of OVA-specific IgE. Furthermore, the population of activated splenic B cells during OVA immunization was decreased in E. faecium FC-K-treated mice, accounting for a reduction of total IgE in the serum. Restimulating splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice with OVA ex vivo resulted in an increased production of $IFN-{\gamma}$, with no effect on IL-4, in E. faecium FC-K-treated mice. These observations provide the evidence that E. faecium FC-K can be a beneficial probiotic strain that can modulate the Th2-mediated pathologic response.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1425-1431
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• 2015

면역 시스템의 림프구는 B 림프구와 T 림프구 두 종류로 나눌 수 있다. B 림프구는 플라즈마 세포로 분화하여 항체를 생성하는 체액성 면역을 담당하며, T 림프구는 다른 세포나 세균을 죽이는 세포성 면역을 담당한다. 고전적으로 B 림프구와 T 림프구의 작용은 한 방향으로 이뤄졌다. T 림프구는 B 림프구의 분화를 촉진하고 면역글로불린종류의 전환을 조절한다. T 림프구가 부족한 경우 B 림프구의 부족을 초래함이 보고되어 있다. 그러나 최근에 역으로 B 림프구가 T 림프구의 분화와 활성을 조절할 수 있다는 보고가 있다. 예를 들어, B 림프구는 CD8+ T 림프구의 tolerance를 직접 조절할 수 있고, TGF-β의 분비를 통해 T 림프구의 anergy를 유도할 수 있다. 본 연구는 LPS에 의해 자극된 B 림프구가 수지상세포에서 IL-12의 분비를 억제하여 Th1 림프구의 분화를 억제할 수 있음을 보여준다. 이 억제는 B 림프구와 수지상세포의 직접적인 interaction에 의해 일어나는 것이 아니며 B 림프구가 수지상세포의 성숙을 조절하여 일어나는 것도 아니다. B 림프구에서 분비되는 soluble factor가 LPS에 의해 증가되는 수지상세포의 IL-12p35 transcription을 억제한다. 이 결과들은 B 림프구가 매개하는 새로운 면역억제 기전이 존재함을 보여준다. 이것은 고전적인 방향성을 가진 T 림프구에 의한 B 림프구 작용조절로 면역반응이 결정되는 것이 아니라 T 림프구와 B 림프구가 서로 작용을 하여 면역평형을 결정하는 기전이 존재함을 보여준다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary multi-strain probiotic (MSP) (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 + Bacillus subtillis UBBS14 + Saccharomyces boulardii Unique 28) on performance, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter related genes in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 256 (4×8×8) day-old CARIBRO Vishal commercial broiler chicks of uniform body weight were randomly distributed into four treatments with 8 replicates each and having eight chicks in each replicate. Four dietary treatments were T₁ (negative control-basal diet), T₂ (positive control-antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate at 20 mg/kg diet), T₃ (MSP at 10⁷ colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed), and T₄ (MSP at 10⁸ CFU/g feed). Results: During 3 to 6 weeks and 0 to 6 weeks, the body weight gain increased significantly (p<0.05) in T₃ and T₄ groups. The feed intake significantly (p<0.05) reduced from T₁ to T₃ during 0 to 3 weeks and the feed conversion ratio also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄ during 0 to 6 weeks. The humoral and cell mediated immune response and the weight of immune organs were also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄. However, significant (p<0.05) dietary effects were observed on intestinal histo-morphometry of ileum in T₃ followed by T₄ and T₂. At 14 d post hatch, the relative gene expression of glucose transporter (GLUT5), sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT₁) and peptide transporter (PepT₁) showed a significant (p<0.05) up-regulating pattern in T₂, T₃, and T₄. Whereas, at 21 d post hatch, the gene expression of SGLT₁ and PepT₁ was significantly (p<0.05) downregulated in MSP supplemented treatments T₃ and T₄. Conclusion: The supplementation of MSP at 10⁷ CFU/g diet showed significant effects with improved performance, immune response, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter genes. Thus, the MSP could be a suitable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in chicken diets.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.294-308
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• 2002

연구배경 :결핵은 세포 매개성 면역반응이 병태생리에 중요한 역할을 하는 감염성 질환이다. 결핵균 항원으로 T 림프구가 활성화되면 여러 종류의 cytokine을 분비하며 T 림프구의 분화와 증식, 대식세포의 활성화를 촉진한다. 본 연구에서는 결핵의 중증도, 숙주의 면역상태 및 예후를 반영하는 지표로서 활성화된 T 림프구에서 만들어지는 IL-2의 수용성 수용체인 sIL-2R와 IFN-$\gamma$를 측정하였고 활성화된 대식세포에서 분비되는 neopterin을 측정하여 임상적 유용성을 판정하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 :활동성 폐결핵 환자 39명, 결핵성 림프절염 환자 6명의 치료전과 정상 대조군 10명에서 혈청 sIL-2R, neopterin, IFN-$\gamma$를 측정하였고, 결핵성 흉막염 환자 22명에서 치료전 혈청과 흉막액에서 각각 sIL-2R, ADA, neopterin을 측정하였다. 폐결핵 환자 39명을 ATS guidelines에 따라 중증도를 분류하였고, 사망한 1명과 결핵요양소로 전원된 2명을 제외한 36명에서 초치료 2개월 후 혈청 sIL-2R, neopterin과 IFN-$\gamma$를 측정하였다. 결 과 : 1) sIL-2R과 IFN-$\gamma$는 결핵환자에서 대조군에 비하여 증가된 경향을 보였다(p>0.05). Neopterin은 대조군 $4949{\pm}1242.l$ pg/ml, 폐결핵 $29.67{\pm}2132.8$ pg/ml, 결핵성 림프절엽 $3013{\pm}1877.3$ pg/ml, 결핵성 흉막염이 $2035{\pm}1216.4$ pg/ml로 결핵환자에서 대조군에 비하여 감소되는 경향을 보였으며, 폐결핵군과 결핵성 흉막염군에서는 통계적으로 유의하게 감소되어 있었다(p<0.05). 2) 폐결핵의 중증도가 심할수록 sIL-2R와 IFN-$\gamma$는 증가하였고, neopterin은 감소하였다(p<0.01). 3) 폐결핵 환자 36명에서 치료 후 측정한 sIL-2R는 $1071{\pm}l139.4$ U/ml에서 $1023{\pm}1920.9$ U/ml로(p>0.05), IFN-$\gamma$는 $41{\pm}52.8$ pg/ml에서 $22{\pm}23.9$ pg/ml로 각각 감소하였고 (p<0.05), neopterin은 $3158{\pm}2272.6$ pg/ml에서 $3737{\pm}2307.5$ pg/ml로 증가하였다(p>0.05). 이러한 결과는 경증군과 중등증군에 비해 중증군에서 현저한 변화를 보였고 임상적 경과와 상관성을 보였다. 4) 결핵성 흉막염 환자 22명에서 sIL-2R와 ADA는 혈청에 비하여 흉막액에서 유의하게 높은 값을 보였으나(p<0.01), neopterin은 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 결 론 : 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 특히 중증군에서 치료 후에 sIL-2R, IFN-$\gamma$와 neopterin을 추적 관찰하면 숙주의 면역반응상태, 임상적 중증도 및 치료 반응성을 예측하는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 또한 결핵성 흉막염 환자에서는 국소적인 변역반웅의 활성화로 흉막액내의 면역학적 지표의 측정이 혈청 검사보다 특이적이며, 흉막액의 sIL-2R의 측정이 결핵성 흉막염의 진단에 유용할 것으로 생각된다.