• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.263-284
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• 1986

Effects of putrescine, spermidine and spermine on the activity of D-glucose-6-phosphate cyclohydrolase in the Daucus carota L. protoplast cultured for 4 days and effects of polyamines on the incorporation of D-[u-14C]-glucose treated to protoplasts in culture-medium were investigated. The activity of D-glucose-6-phosphate cyclohydrolase was increased by polyamines and among them spermine was the most effective. Polyamiens increased protein synthesis and this due to the increasing effect of the polyamines on the synthesis of glycoprotein which is one of cell wall components. The synthesis of cell polysaccharides, such sa pectic substances, hemicelluloses and cellulose was increased by polyamines, which stimulated synthesis of pectin substances, and hemicellulose more greatly than that of cellulose, and spermidine was the most effective. In the light of the above results it seems that the polyamines increase cell wall regeneration by the stimulation of enzyme activities which synthesize cell wall components.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 2001

To elucidate the behaviors of alkali swelllng of woods. the dimensional change in cross section of cell elements of four major Korean woods during alkali swelling were examined by an optical microscory, an imaging analysis method and an X-ray diffrartion During alkali swelling, tracheid diameter of Larix kaempferi wood showed greater swelling property than that of Pinus koraiensis wood, and the cell wall swelled highly over 10% sodium hydroxide solution treatment. The radial diameter of vessel elements in earlywood shrunk, but it swelled slightly in tangential direction. When treated with 5% NaOH, the wall thickness of wood fiber increased about three times over the original one. The thickness of cell wall in all elements and the diameter of wood fiber and tracheid showed almost isotropic shrinkage. The diameter of cell elements during the mercerization process decreased, but cell wall thickness Increased. Crystal transformation of cellulose in wood was not occurred by alkali treatments. but relative crystallinity and crystallite width of the woods increased slightly. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the swelling properties of woods were dependant on wood species, cell elements and alkali concentration.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1966

The author examined for observing the structures of pyrenoid and cell wall of three strains of Chlorella ellipsoidea and relation of pyrenoid to starch grain formation at the ultrastructure level. 1. The development of pyrenoid of Chlorella species from the time of its initiation and its subdetail sequent activities are described in some pictures. 2. Close correlation between the findings of light microscopy and electron microscopy is proved. 3. The pyrenoid is a dynamic organellae which continues to change its appearance thoughout the development of the Chlorella cell. 4. The starch grains are continously formed by deposition of carbohydrate within the chloroplast with the aid of pyrenoid factors. 5. Some parental starch grains are passed on the daughter cell during cell division. 6. The Da stage cells contain only chlaroplast without pyrenoid matrix. In Da stage a pyrenoid is surrounded by starch and starch grains appear in chloroplast lamellae. In $L_1L_2$ stages, large starch grains of lens form accumulate in cell. In $L_3$ stage pyrenoid disappears for a time and starch grains are scattered. In cell division stage starch grains are divided into four groups. In $L_4$ stage, pyrenoid substance appears temporarily and disappears soon. At this stage the cell is constituted of Dn cell containing chloroplast only. 7. The cellular boundary of JE strain except Y 815 and Y 511 strain contains 250.angs. intermediate layer of unknown chemical composition between the fibrillar cellulose wall and the out capsule layer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1192-1200
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• 2006

An apple polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), which specifically inhibits endopolygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15) from Botryosphaeria dothidea, was purified from Botryosphaeria dothidea-infected apple (Malus domestica cv. Fuji) fruits. The purified apple PGIP had a molecular mass of 40 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein showed high homologies to those of PGIP from pear (100%), tomato (70%), and bean (65%). We also purified polygalacturonase (PG) from B. dothidea. The PG hydrolyzes pectic components of plant cell walls. When the extracted apple pectic cell wall material was treated with purified apple PGIP and B. dothidea PG, the amount of uronic acid released was lower than that treated with B. dothidea PG alone. This result demonstrates that PGIP functions specifically by inhibiting cell wall maceration of B. dothidea PG Furthermore, we characterized the de novo function of the PGIP against PG on the solubilization and depolymerization of polyuronides from cell wall of apple fruits inoculated with B. dothidea. This result demonstrated that the PGIP of plants exhibits one of the direct defense mechanisms against pathogen attack by inhibiting PGs that are released from pathogens for hydrolysis of cell wall components of plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.862-879
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• 2001

The walls of all higher plants are organized as a cellulosic, fibrillar phase embedded in a matrix phase composed of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, some proteins and, in most secondary walls, lignin. At the effective utilization of plant biomass, qualitative and quantitative analyses of plant cell walls are essential. Structural features of individual components are being clarified using newly developed equipments and techniques. However, "empirical" procedures to elucidate plant cell walls, which are not due to scientific definition of components, are still applied in some fields. These procedures may give misunderstanding for the effective utilization of plant biomass. In addition, interesting the investigation of wall organization is moving towards not only qualitatively characterisation, but also quantitation of the associations between wall components. These involve polysaccharide-polysaccharide and polysaccharide-lignin cross-links. Investigation of the associations is being done in order to understand the chemical structure, organization and biosynthesis of the cell wall and physiology of the plants. Procedures for qualitative and quantitative analyses based on the definition of cell wall components are reviewed focussing in nutritional elucidation of forage grasses by ruminant microorganisms.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2002

The ohmic heating of foods for sterilization provides a shorter come-up time compared to conventional thermal processes. The electric fields as well as the heat generated by ohmic heating facilitate germicidal effects. In the present study, the effect of ohmic heating on the structure and permeability of the cell membrane of yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisae, isolated from Takju (a traditional Korean rice-beer), was investigated. The ohmic heating was found to translocate intracellular protein materials out of the cell wall, and the amount of exuded protein increased significantly as the electric field increased from 10 to 20 V/cm. As higher frequencies were applied, more materials were exuded. Compared to conventional heating, more amounts of proteins and nucleic acids were exuded when these cells were treated with ohmic heating. The molecular weights of the major exuded proteins ranged from 14 kDa to 18 kDa, as analyzed by Tricine-SDS PAGE. A TEM study also confirmed the leakage of cellular materials, thus indicating irreversible damage to the cell wall by ohmic heating. It was, therefore, concluded that the electric fields generated by ohmic heating induced electroporation, causing irreversible damage to the yeast cell wall and promoting the translocation of intracellular materials.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.196-198
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• 2012

Granular cell tumors are uncommon soft tissue neoplasm of nerve sheath origin, which are predominately benign. Granular cells can be found at any site in the body including the tongue, skin, subcutaneous tissue, breast, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems. However, granular cell tumors have only been rarely described in the chest wall. Here we report a case of a granular cell tumor that occurred in the chest wall of a 59-year-old woman, along with a review of the literature.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.371-375
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• 1999

AL072 is a potent anti-Legionella antibiotic produced by Streptomyces strain AL91. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AL072 against Legionella pneumophila was 0.2$\mu$g/ml. Bacterial growth was rapidly inhibited at the dose range between the MIC and 20 times of the MIC when the antibiotic was added at the mid-exponential phase. Ultrastructural changes in L. pneumophila were observed upon treatment with AL072. Under electron microscopical observation, the organisms treated with AL072 exhibited characteristic morphological changes in the cellular outer coat. Also irregular morphological changes, such as the formation of filamentous materials in the cytoplasm, an increase in the size and number of cytoplasmic vacuoles, the extruding of cytoplasmic contents, the formation of spheroplast and ghost cells, and blebbings in the cell wall were observed. Furthermore, immunoelectron microscopical observation of the group treated with the MIC showed that the immune complex attached mainly to the cell wall. The results of these experiments indicate that AL072, like the inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, act selectively on the cell wall of L. pneumophila.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the localization of lipids and lipase activity with lipid staining and cytochemical technique in endosperm cells of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer seed. In endosperm cells of indehiscent seed, protein bodies facing the umbiliform layer are different in electron density during the various degraded processes. Gradually, protein matrix near the cell wall was lysed and electron lucent inclusions appeared on umbiliform layer. The protein body with high electron density and the spherosome with low electron density were observed in endosperm cells. As a result of lipid staining, electron density of spherosome is more intense than those of the protein matrix within the protein body in endosperm cells of indehiscent seed. Free spherical spherosomes within the umbiliform layer have a high electron density. The spherical spherosomes were more electron densed and were uniform in comparison with the cytoplasmic proteinaceous granules in endosperm cells of seed with red seed coat. The major component of spherosome was determined to be lipid. Lipase activity occurs in the spherosome and near the endosperm cell wall facing the umbiliform layer. Cytochemical reaction products of lipase were observed in the spherosome membrane and in the inner regions of spherosome. After protein bodies were digested, lipase activities were observed in free spherosomes and near the cell wall of endosperm cells. Umbiliform layer composing of fibrillized wall and digested materials of the endosperm cell showed a little lipase reaction products.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.9 no.1_2
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• pp.17-21
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• 1966

The mutual relationships of boron, Ca and sucrose were studied in relation to in vitro pollen growth and pollen bursting, by using conventient pollen from Crinum asiaticum for experiment. Crinum pollen are paticularly sensitive to Ca. Addition of very small amount of boron to cultural media was apparently synergistic to the action of sucrose and Ca in pollen germination and tube elongation. This action was extended to a higher level of boron concentraton. Combined application of boron, Ca and sucrose always gave the better results in pollen growth and protection against pollen bursting much more than when used singly. This indicated that there is a direct relationship between better growth of pollen and increased rigidity of pollen cell wall. A higher level of Ca concentration tended to increase bursting rate of pollen grains and decrease that of pollen tubes, while boron always depressed the rate of bursting. This was considered due to increased failure in pollen germination at high level of Ca that favors pollen tube elongation. The fact that Ca show an antagonistic effect on the suppressive action of high level of boron in pollen growth and shows different effect in response to pollen bursting from boron, suggested mode of Ca and boron action in the presence of sucrose is quiate different, although to increase in rigidity of pollen cell wall by them is in common nature. It was postulated therefore that Ca acts on pectins of pollen cell wall largely as "non-metabolic" and boron as "metabolic" promoter is pollen growth and protecting pollen bursting, since boron and Ca have common nature in strengthening the pollen cell wall but act differently.but act differently.