• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.227-238
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• 2005

The characteristics of nitrogen removal by the free cell and the immobilized cell of R. capsulatus were investigated. Denitrification by R. capsulatus cells resulted in reduction of ORP with the rapid depletion of DO and the increase of pH. Without accumulation of nitrite, the removal efficiencies of ${NO_3}^-$-N for the free cell and the immobilized cell were 99.1 and 99.3%, respectively. During the three-month experiment of goldfish breeding equipped with a water-purification biofilter, the average values of pH and total cell numbers present in an aquarium were not significantly different between water-purification system and the control. The average concentrations of ${NH_4}^+$-N and ${PO_4}^{2-}$-P in water-purification system were relatively low, compared to that in the control. Goldfish died at $11^{th}$, $16^{th}$, $43^{rd}$, and $67^{th}$ days in the control, while goldfish died at $10^{th}$, $20^{th}$, and $39^{th}$ days in the water-purification system. On the days of goldfish's death, the total concentrations of nitrogenous compounds except for ${NO_2}^--N$ were higher than those on the other days of the experiment, especially with the concentrations of ${NH_4}^+$-N ranging from 7.4 to 13.5 mg/L. The water-purification system also showed the less turbidity of water with more active movement of goldfish than the control. PVA gel beads showed almost the full denitrifying ability even after the long-term experiment. As a result, the water-purification system was effective to remove nitrogenous compounds with better survival of goldfish.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.186-196
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• 2007

Background: Although IL-12 has been widely accepted to playa central role in the control of pathogen infection, the use of recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12) as a vaccine adjuvant has been known to be ineffective because of its rapid clearance in the body. Methods: To investigate the effect of sustained release of IL-12 in vivo in the peptide and protein vaccination models, rIL-12 was encapsulated into poly ($A_{DL}$-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Results: We found that codelivery of IL-12-encapsulated microspheres (IL-12EM) could dramatically increase not only antibody responses, but also antigen-specific $CD4^+\;and\;CD8^+$ T cell responses. Enhanced immune responses were shown to be correlated with protective immunity against influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) virus challenge. Interestingly, the enhancement of $CD8^+$ T cell response was not detectable when $CD4^+$ T cell knockout mice were subjected to vaccination, indicating that the enhancement of the $CD8^+$ T cell response by IL-12EM is dependent on $CD4^+$ T cell "help". Conclusion: Thus, IL-12EM could be applied as an adjuvant of protein and peptide vaccines to enhance protective immunity against virus infection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.323-327
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• 1999

It was shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) secreted from human neuroblastoma cells can significantly improve the growth of the neurites of PC12 nerve cells. The addition of purified BDNFs elongated the neurites of PC 12 nerve cells two to three times more than the case where the addition was not made. The perfusion rate strongly affected the change of the size of human neuroblastoma cells because the cell size decreased as the perfusion rate increased. This could also influence the productivity of BDNF from the cells. It is also important to note that the BDNF production was decreased when the cell size was reduced. BDNF production rate also decreased at a fast perfusion rate in a smaller cell size. At the relatively fast perfusion rate of 18 ml/h, the ratio of apoptotic to necrotic cells dramatically decreased, which possibly caused the decrease of BDNF production. It has been proven that the secretion of BDNF from human neuroblastoma cells was a partially growth-related process by yielding 6.2$\times l0^{-8}/g$ of BDNF/cell/h of growth related parameter and $0.48{\times}l0^{-9}/g$ of BDNF/cell/h of nongrowth-related parameter in a growth kinetic model. In addition, it was also found that the perfusion rate played a very important role in controlling the cell death mechanism.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2015

CD44 is a particular adhesion molecule and facilitates both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In particular, splice variants of CD44 are particularly overexpressed in a large number of malignancies and carcinomas. In this study, the $^{177}Lu$-labelled CD44 targeting antibody was prepared and bioevaluated in vitro and in vivo. Anti-CD44 was immunoconjugated with the equivalent molar ratio of cysteine-based DTPA-NCS and radioimmunoconjugated with $^{177}Lu$ at room temperature within 15 minutes. The stability was tested in human serum. An in vitro study was carried out in HT-29 human colon cancer cell lines. For the biodistribution study $^{177}Lu$-labelled anti-CD44 was injected in xenograft mice. Anti-CD44 was immunoconjugated with cysteine-based DTPA-NCS and purified by a centricon filter system having a molecular cut-off of 50 kDa. Radioimmunoconjugation with $^{177}Lu$ was reacted for 15 min at room temperature. The radiolabeling yield was >99%, and it was stable in human serum without any fragmentation or degradation. The radioimmunoconjugate showed a high binding affinity on HT-29 colon cancer cell surfaces. In a biodistribution study, the tumor-to-blood ratio of the radioimmunoconjugate was 43 : 1 at 1 day post injection (p.i) in human colon cancer bearing mice. The anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody for the targeting of colon cancer was effectively radioimmunoconjugated with $^{177}Lu$. The in vitro high immunoactivity of this radioimmunoconjugate was determined by a cell binding assay. In addition, the antibody's tumor targeting ability was demonstrated with very high uptake in tumors. This radioimmunoconjugate is applicable to therapy in human colon cancer with highly expressed CD44.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.784-794
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• 2021

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a mesenchymal malignancy with a complex karyotype. Despite accumulated evidence, the factors contributing to the development of LMS are unclear. Here, we investigated the role of tight-junction protein 1 (TJP1), a membrane-associated intercellular barrier protein during the development of LMS and the tumor microenvironment. We orthotopically transplanted SK-LMS-1 cells and their derivatives in terms of TJP1 expression by intramuscular injection, such as SK-LMS-1 Sh-Control cells and SK-LMS-1 Sh-TJP1. We observed robust tumor growth in mice transplanted with LMS cell lines expressing TJP1 while no tumor mass was found in mice transplanted with SK-LMS-1 Sh-TJP1 cells with silenced TJP1 expression. Tissues from mice were stained and further analyzed to clarify the effects of TJP1 expression on tumor development and the tumor microenvironment. To identify the TJP1-dependent factors important in the development of LMS, genes with altered expression were selected in SK-LMS-1 cells such as cyclinD1, CSF1 and so on. The top 10% of highly expressed genes in LMS tissues were obtained from public databases. Further analysis revealed two clusters related to cell proliferation and the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, integrated analyses of the gene expression networks revealed correlations among TJP1, CSF1 and CTLA4 at the mRNA level, suggesting a possible role for TJP1 in the immune environment. Taken together, these results imply that TJP1 contributes to the development of sarcoma by proliferation through modulating cell-cell aggregation and communication through cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and might be a beneficial therapeutic target.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1966

The author examined for observing the structures of pyrenoid and cell wall of three strains of Chlorella ellipsoidea and relation of pyrenoid to starch grain formation at the ultrastructure level. 1. The development of pyrenoid of Chlorella species from the time of its initiation and its subdetail sequent activities are described in some pictures. 2. Close correlation between the findings of light microscopy and electron microscopy is proved. 3. The pyrenoid is a dynamic organellae which continues to change its appearance thoughout the development of the Chlorella cell. 4. The starch grains are continously formed by deposition of carbohydrate within the chloroplast with the aid of pyrenoid factors. 5. Some parental starch grains are passed on the daughter cell during cell division. 6. The Da stage cells contain only chlaroplast without pyrenoid matrix. In Da stage a pyrenoid is surrounded by starch and starch grains appear in chloroplast lamellae. In $L_1L_2$ stages, large starch grains of lens form accumulate in cell. In $L_3$ stage pyrenoid disappears for a time and starch grains are scattered. In cell division stage starch grains are divided into four groups. In $L_4$ stage, pyrenoid substance appears temporarily and disappears soon. At this stage the cell is constituted of Dn cell containing chloroplast only. 7. The cellular boundary of JE strain except Y 815 and Y 511 strain contains 250.angs. intermediate layer of unknown chemical composition between the fibrillar cellulose wall and the out capsule layer.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 2009

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is known to cause severe hepatotoxicity mainly through the depletion of glutathione. In this study, we compared the cytotoxic effects of APAP on both a normal murine hepatic cell line, BNL CL.2, and its SV40-transformed cell line, BNL SV A.8. Gene expression profiles for APAP-treated cells were also obtained using microarray and analyzed to identify differences in genes or profiles that may explain the differences of susceptibility to APAP in these cell lines. These two cell lines exhibited different susceptibilities to APAP (0-$5,000{\mu}M$); BNL SV A.8 cells were more susceptible to APAP treatment compared to BNL CL.2 cells. A dose of $625{\mu}M$ APAP, which produced significant differences in cytotoxicity in these cell lines, was tested. Microarray analysis was performed to identify significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) irrespective of APAP treatment. Genes up-regulated in BNL SV A.8 cells were associated with immune response, defense response, and apoptosis, while down-regulated genes were associated with catalytic activity, cell adhesion and the cytochrome P450 family. Consistent with the cytotoxicity data, no significant DEGs were found in BNL CL.2 cells after treatment with $625{\mu}M$ APAP, while cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-related genes were up-regulated in BNL SV A.8 cells. Based on the significant fold-changes in their expression, a genes were selected and their expressions were confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR; there was a high correlation between them. These results suggest that gene expression profiles may provide a useful method for evaluating drug sensitivity of cell lines and eliciting the underlying molecular mechanism. We further compared the genes identified from our current in vitro studies to the genes previously identified in our lab as regulated by APAP in both C57BL/6 and ICR mice in vivo. We found that a few genes are regulated in a similar pattern both in vivo and in vitro. These genes might be useful to develop as in vitro biomarkers for predicting in vivo hepatotoxicity. Based on our results, we suggest that gene expression profiles may provide useful information for elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms of drug susceptibility and for evaluating drug sensitivity in vitro for extrapolation to in vivo.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.236-236
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• 2004

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the most abundant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the female reproductive tract such as uterine, oviductal and follicular fluids in mouse, pig, cattle and human. CD44 is the principal cell membrane receptor for HA, expressed from the 1-to 8-cell stage in human embryos, during post-implantation mouse and bovine embryogenesis and on the surface of differentiated embryonic stem cells. (omitted)

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.105-108
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• 2008

The cell growth and antioxidant activity of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD were studied in tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium and whey protein concentrate (WPC)-based medium. Overall, higher lactose contents in WPC-35 medium (up to 2.0%), and longer culture times correlated with greater cell viability. In WPC-35 medium with 1.5% and 2.0% lactose, the cell growth of B. polyfermenticus SCD was similar to growth in TSB medium. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of culture supernatant of B. polyfermenticus SCD in WPC-35 medium was measured to assess antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity increased up to 32 hr of culture, reaching a maximum of 75.57% DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity seemed to follow the typical kinetics of primary metabolite synthesis. The antioxidant activity of B. polyfermenticus SCD supernatant in WPC-35 medium was more effective and stable than supernatant from TSB medium. These results suggest that WPC-35 medium is effective for the production of antioxidant by B. polyfermenticus SCD.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.56-56
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• 1999