• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.34-42
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• 2016

In order to prepare for the type approval test for the United States Coast Guard (USCG) Phase-II of Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS), a phytoplankton mass culture was conducted in a mesocosm enclosure. We evaluated the response of the phytoplankton community after nutrient addition (+N, +P, and +NP) and investigated the development of the species with increasing culture time. After nutrient dosing, the phytoplankton population significantly (p < 0.05) increased from day 1 to day 3, depending on the nutrient treatments In particular, the specific growth rate of the phytoplankton community in the case of +NP treatment and + N treatment were estimated to be $2.47d^{-1}$ and $1.98d^{-1}$, respectively. The phytoplankton population density in the case of + NP treatment was approximately 50 times higher than that of the control group, suggesting that these treatments could be useful for mass culturing phytoplankton (> 75% of natural community) for the approval regulation of USCG Phase-II. In the phytoplankton community of the mesocosm, Pseudo-nitzchia spp. dominated in the logarithmic growth phase. The cell density decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing time, coinciding with the nutrient limitation. At that time, the dominance of Pseudo-nitzchia spp. shifted to that of Cylindrotheca closterium. Therefore, the optimum nutrient concentration ($N:30{\mu}M$, $P:3{\mu}M$) and reasonable harvesting time (after 3 days in summer) found in this study for the mass culturing of phytoplankton may be helpful to meet the USCG Phase-II biological criteria to be used in BWTS.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 2005

For screening of autoregulator receptor gene from Streptomyces longwoodensis, PCR was performed with primers of receptor gene designed on the basis of amino acid sequences of autoregulator receptor proteins with known function. PCR products were subcloned into the BamHIsite of pUC19 and transformed into the E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$. The isolated plasmid from transformant contained the fragment of 100 bp, which was detected on $2\%$ gel after BamHI treatment. The insert, 100 bp PCR product, was confirmed as the expected internal segment of gene encoding autoregulator receptor protein by sequencing. Southern and colony hybridizations with the 100 bp fragment as a probe allowed to select a genomic clone of S. longwoodensis, pSLT harboring a 4.4 kb SphI fragment. Nucleotide sequencing analyses revealed a 651 bp open reading frame(ORF) were isolated protein showing moderate homology ($35{\sim}46\%$) with the ${\Gamma}$-butyrolactone autoregulator receptors from Streptomyces sp., and this ORF was named sltR The sltR/pET-17b plasmid was constructed to overexpress the recombinant SltR protein (rSltR) in E. coli BL21 (DE3)/pLysS, and the rSltR protein was purified to homogeneity by DEAE-Sephacel column chromatography, and DEAE-5PW chromatography (HPLC). The molecular mass of the purified rSltR protein was 55 kDa by HPLC gel-filtration chromatography and 28 kDa by SDS-PAGE, indicating that the rSltR protein is present as a dimer. A binding assay with tritium-labeled autoregulators revealed that the rSltR has clear binding activity with a A-factor type autoregulator as the most effective ligand.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2006

This study investigated apoptosis and in vitro development of parthenogenetic preimplantation porcine embryos. In vitro matured oocytes for $42{\sim}44h$ were used. Apoptotic cell death was analyzed by using a terminal deoxynucleatidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end tabling (TUNEL) assay. In experiment 1, oocytes were activated with two electric pulses (CH) of 1.2 kV/cm for $30{\mu}sec$ (E), E + 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) or E + cycloheximide (CH) and cultured in PZM-3 under 5% $CO_2$ in air at $38.5^{\circ}C$. In experiment 2, oocytes were activated by E and cultured in PZM-3 or NCSU-23 under a gas atmosphere of 20% $O_2$ ($5%\;CO_2$, in air) or 5% $O_2$ $(5%\;CO_2,\;5%\;O_2\;90%\;N_2)\;at\;38.5^{\circ}C$. Oocytes activated with E+6-DMAP or E+CH showed higher blastocyst rates (36.3% and 32.5%) compared to E alone (27.7%). The frequency of apoptosis according to treatments were 5.3%, 7.7% and 7.1% respectively. Oocytes activated with E alone showed lower (P<0.05) frequency of apoptosis compared to other groups. In experiment 2, parthenotes cultured in PZM-3 showed slightly higher blastocyte rates (28.2% and 29.7%) compared to NCSU-23 (22.6% and 24.4%) regardless of atmosphere. Blastocysts generated in PZM-3 showed lower (P<0.05) apoptosis rate under 20% $O_2$ (9.2% vs 16.9%), whereas those in NCSU-23 had slightly lower apoptosis rate under 5% $O_2$ (14.0% vs 18.4%). This result represents that activation method and culture condition could affect the frequency of apoptosis as well as in vitro developmental rate.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2006

This study was carried out principally to obtain the basic data for the improvement of the reproductive performance and production using plasma progesterone assay and ultrasonography in dairy cow. The results obtained from this studies were as follows. The results of reproductive examination in 85,983 cows were ovarian diseases 40,399 (47.0%), uterine diseases 11,912 (13.9%), pregnancy or pregnant failures 26,587 (30.9%), adhesion of reproductive tracts 172 (0.2%), freemartin 8 (0.01%), and others 6,905 (8.3%), respectively. The treatment status of reproductive dysfunction in 30,241 cows were silent heat or error of estrus detection 14,909 (49.3%), follicular cysts 3,750 (12.4%), luteal cysts 907 (3.0%), inactive ovaries 665 (2.2%), granulosa cell tumor of ovary 3 (0.01%) and endometritis 6,986 (23.1%), respectively. The indices of reproductive efficiency after the periodical examination of reproductive status were as follows; the mean intercalving inteual was reduced from 475 days at the first examination to 381 days at the last examination of reproductive status, the mean interval calving to conception was reduced from 186 to 98 days, the mean interval calving to first service was reduced from 106 to 66 days, the cows showing heat by 60 days postpartum were increased from 32 to 90%, the mean conception rate to first service was increased from 42 to 64%, and the mean service per conception was reduced from 2.6 to 1.8 times, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.723-728
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• 2011

This study was performed to test the effect of Sargassum sagamianum extract (SSE) on shelf-life and improved quality in bread with 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% added SSE. Bread with added SSE had reduced total microbial counts by 2 log cycles and mold cell counts by 3 log cycles. No changes in moisture content or pH occurred from days 3 to 9. In addition, bread with SSE had a lower yield of malonaldehyde than that of the control as shown by the TBARS assay. Yellowness increased in bread with added SSE, whereas lightness and redness decreased. In the sensory evaluation, taste, total preference, inner shape, and color of the bread containing 0.25 and 0.5% SSE were preferred. These results suggest that the adding 0.25 and 0.5% SSE to bread improved shelf-life and quality.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.360-366
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of multivitamin on macrophage activity in Raw 264.7 cell and repeated oral dose toxicity in Sprague-Dawely rat of multivitamin. Raw 264.7 cells were treated with 50 and $100{\mu}g/mL$ multivitamin for 24 h. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment with 50 and $100{\mu}g/mL$ multivitamin for 24 h significantly increased production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with control groups, indicating activation of macrophages. The female rats were treated with multivitamin of control group, low group (0.24 g/kg), medium group (1 g/kg) and high group (2 g/kg) intragastrically for 4 weeks, respectively. We examined the body weight, the feed intake, the clinical signs and serum biochemical analysis. We also observed the histopathological changes of liver, ovary, brain, adrenal gland, spleen, kidney, heart and lung in rats. No significant differences in body weights, feed intake, biochemical analysis and histopathological observations between control and multivitamin treatment group were found. In conclusion, multivitamin is physiologically safe and improve macrophage activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2003

Physiological activities of hot water extracts of 10 commercial instant curry powders and 6 spices, were investigated. All spice extracts except ginger showed significant antioxidant activities on the autoxidation of linoleic curry acid (p＜0.01). Antioxidant activities of clove and fennel were significantly higher than ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, instant curry powders, and other spices, Red pepper $(52.8{\pm}2.13%)$, clove, and coriander showed significant inhibitory activities against angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (p＜0.001). Cytotoxic effects of instant curry powder and spices against human cancer cell lines were examined through MTT assay. Black pepper $(29.31{\pm}2.21%\;cytotoxic\;rate)$ and cardamon $(19.41{\pm}3.92%)$ were effective against MCF-7 (p＜0.01), Clove $(42.92{\pm}5.57%)$ against HeLa (p＜0.01). Ginger $(34.21{\pm}1.11%)$, cardamon, and black pepper against A172 (p＜0.001), garlic $(82.88{\pm}0.53%)$ against SN12C (p＜0.001), garlic $(71.63{\pm}0.38%)$, red pepper, ginger, fenugreek, SPC, cumin, and MPC against SNU-638 (p＜0.001), and cassia $(82.84{\pm}16.92%)$ against A549 (p＜0.001).

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.27-36
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• 1984

It was previously reported that red ginseng extract inhibited carcinogenesis by urethan, DMBA and aflatoxin $B_1E (Cancer Detection and Prevention, 6: 515-525, 1983). In an attempt to investigate the mechanism of the anticarcinogenic effect of ginseng, we assayed natural killer (N.K) activity in mice treated with urethan and benzo(a)pyrene. In our experiment newly born Swiss Webster mice, less than 24 hrs. old, were given a single subcutaneous injection of lmg of ure-than and 40ug of benzo(a)pyrene. The mice had been administered with ginseng since weaning, and sacrificed at various intervals. Major organs were examined both, with the naked eye and microscopically. N.K. activity of spleen cells was analyzed in a 12-hour $^{51}Cr^-release$ assay against YAC-1 cells. Administration of ginseng resulted in an increase of N.K. activity by $18\%$ at 4 weeks, $20\%$ (P < 0.05) at 6, $29\%$ (P < 0.05) at 12, and $13\%$ at 24 following a single injection of urethan. At the same time, significantly lower incidences of lung adenoma were noted at 6 weeks $(50\%)$ and 12 weeks $(27\%)$ following the administration of ginseng to urethan-injected mice. This result indicates that the enhancement of N.K. activity by ginseng makes a contribution to its anticarcinogenic effect. On the hand, N.K. activity was suppressed by benzo(a)pyrene during the time span of this experiment and it almost returned to the level of controls following the adminsitration of ginseng. However, the lung adenoma induced by benzo(a)pyrene began to occur at 48 weeks in which N.K. activity had naturally declined to a very low level in all experimental mice, and administration of ginseng did not decrease the incidence. In explanation of this result, we might propose that the recovery of the N.K. activity by ginseng had little effect on the incidence of lung adenoma because of the long latent period of carcinogenesis by benzo(a)pyrene. In conclusion, these results suggest that the anticarcinogenic effect of ginseng in urethan-treated mice may be related to the augmentation of N.K. activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2014

The effects of Eisenia bicyclis extracts on osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast formation were investigated. The proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells was tested in an MTT assay. Treatment with E. bicyclis ethanol extract increased cell proliferation by approximately 128% at a concentration of 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. The ALP activities in the MC3T3-E1 cells was 179% higher when the E. bicyclis ethanol extract was processed at a concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/ml$. The proliferation of RAW 264.7 osteoclastic cells decreased significantly in response to treatment with the E. bicyclis extracts. Moreover, the proliferation of the RAW 264.7 osteoclastic cells treated with E. bicyclis hot water extract decreased by nearly 80%. In addition, the E. bicyclis extract reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) multinucleated cells from osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that E. bicyclis extracts have an anabolic effect on bone through the promotion of osteoclast differentiation and suggest that the extracts could be used in the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.820-826
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• 2014

The localization to specific subcellular sites and the regulation of cell surface receptors and channels are crucial for proper functioning. Postsynaptic density-95/Disks large/Zonula occludens-1 (PDZ)-domain is involved in recognition of and interaction between various proteins, by which the localization and the regulation are mediated. Multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) contains 13 PDZ domains. MUPP1 serves a scaffolding function for structure proteins and signaling proteins, but the mechanism how MUPP1 is stabilized and signalized has not yet been elucidated. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify proteins that interact with PDZ domains of MUPP1. We found an interaction between MUPP1 and Parkin. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Loss-of-function mutations of Parkin gene are known to cause an autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Parkin bound to the $12^{th}$ PDZ domain, but not to other PDZ domains of MUPP1. The C-terminal end of Parkin has a type II PDZ-association motif, which was essential for the interaction with MUPP1 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. When co-expressed in HEK-293T cells, Parkin co-localized with MUPP1. When co-expressed with ubiquitin in HEK-293T cells, MUPP1 has been strongly ubiquitinated by Parkin. These findings collectively suggest that MUPP1 is a novel substrate of Parkin and its function or stability could be modulated by Parkin-mediated ubiquitination.