• 제목/요약/키워드: Cell Phone

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멀티미디어 공연에서 비디오를 활용한 리얼리티 구축하기 - 샤우뷔네의 <햄릿>과 리니아 드 솜브라의 <아마릴로>를 중심으로 - (Weaving the realities with video in multi-media theatre centering on Schaubuhne's Hamlet and Lenea de Sombra's Amarillo)

  • 최영주
    • 한국연극학
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    • 제53호
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    • pp.167-202
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    • 2014
  • When video composes mise-en-scene during the performance, it reflects the aspect of contemporary image culture, where the individual as creator joins in the image culture through the device of cell phone and computer remediating the former video technology. It also closely related with the contemporary theatre culture in which 1960's and 1970's video art was weaved into the contemporary performance theatre. With these cultural background, theatre practitioners regarded media-friendly mise-en-scene as an alternative facing the cultural landscape the linear representational narrative did not correspond to the present culture. Nonetheless, it can not be ignored that video in the performance theatre is remediating its historical function: to criticize the social reality. to enrich the aesthetic or emotional reality. I focused video in the performance theatre could feature the object with the image by realizing the realtime relay, emphasizing the situation within the frame, and strengthening the reality by alluding the object as a gesutre. So I explored its two historical manuel. First, video recorded the spot, communicated the information, and arose the audience's recognition of the object to its critical function. Second, video in performance theatre could redistribute perceptual way according to the editing method like as close up, slow motion, multiple perspective, montage and collage, and transformation of the image to the aesthetic function. Reminding the historical function of video in contemporary performance theatre, I analyzed two shows, Schaubuhne's Hamlet and Lenea de Sombra's Amarillo which were introduced to Korean audiences during the 2010 Seoul Theatre Olympics. It is known to us that Ostermeir found real social reality as a text and made the play the context. In this, he used video as a vehicle to penetrate the social reality through the hero's perspective. It is also noteworthy that Ostermeir understood Hamlet's dilemma as these days' young generation's propensity. They delayed action while being involved in image culture. Besides his use of video in the piece revitalized the aesthetic function of video by hypermedial perceptual method. Amarillo combined documentary theatre method with installation, physical theatre, and video relay on the spot, and activated aesthetic function with the intermediality, its interacting co-relationship between the media. In this performance theatre, video has recorded and pursued the absent presence of the real people who died or lost in the desert. At the same time it fantasized the emotional aspect of the people at the moment of their death, which would be opaque or non prominent otherwise. As a conclusion, I found the video in contemporary performance theatre visualized the rupture between the media and perform their intermediality. It attempted to disturb the transparent immediacy to invoke the spectator's perception to the theatrical situation, to open its emotional and spiritual aspect, and to remind the realities as with Schaubuhne's Hamlet and Lenea de Sombra's Amarillo.

메탄올 흡입 후 발생한 시각장애 : 증례보고 (Why did she lose her sight? A case of visual damage due to methanol inhalation)

  • 한상수;신희준
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제19권11호
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    • pp.421-425
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    • 2018
  • 본 메탄올은 공업용 용매로 흔히 사용되는 무색의 휘발성, 유독성 액체이다. 메탄올 중독에 의해서 시각 장애는 흔히 나타나는 증상 및 후유증의 하나지만, 흡입으로 인한 중독에서는 잘 나타나지 않는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그렇기 때문에 메탄올을 흡인한 이후에 시력저하가 생긴 증례는 잘 발표되어 있지 않다. 우리는 산업장에서 호흡기를 통해서 메탄올이 흡입된 이후에 시력손실이 발생한 케이스를 보고하고자 한다. 한국의 한 휴대폰 공장에서 일하던 28세 여자환자가 의식저하로 응급실로 내원하였다. 그녀는 이틀 전부터 시야가 흐릿하게 보였지만 대수롭지 않게 여겨 따로 병원을 찾아가지 않았고, 의식저하가 발생하여서야 병원에 오게 되었다. 내원시 환자는 글래스고혼수척도 9점의 의식저하를 보였으며, 혈액 검사 결과 심한 대사성 산증을 보이고 있었다. 중환자실에 입원하여 응급 투석을 비롯하여 메탄올 중독에 대한 치료를 시행하였다. 치료 후 의식이 회복되어 퇴원할 수 있었으나, 6개월 후까지 재활치료를 받고 있으며, 영구적으로 시력저하가 남았다. 흡입을 통해서도 메탄올 중독이 발생 할 수 있으며, 이는 초기에 알아차리기가 쉽지 않다. 하지만 메탄올 중독의 치료는 시간과의 싸움이며, 초기에 빠르게 치료해야 예후가 좋다. 그러므로 흡입에 의한 중독 가능성을 항상 염두에 두어야 하며, 의심시에는 빠르게 치료를 해야만 한다.

시공간적으로 편중된 강우에 의한 홍수사상 수치모의 - 2017년 8월 17일 청계천 홍수사상을 대상으로 (Numerical Simulation of the Flood Event Induced Temporally and Spatially Concentrated Rainfall - On August 17, 2017, the Flood Event of Cheonggyecheon)

  • 안정환;정창삼
    • 한국방재안전학회논문집
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.45-52
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 2017년 8월 17일 청계천에서 발생한 시민고립사고의 원인을 규명하고, 고밀도 기상관측망의 관측자료를 이용하여 안전한 도시하천 관리 방안을 제시한 연구이다. SK 텔레콤 기지국에 설치된 고밀도 기상관측망인 SK techx와 상대적으로 공간적 밀도가 낮은 기상청 AWS의 사고 당일 강우자료를 도시유출모형에 적용하여 당시 상황을 모의하였다. 사고원인 중 하나로 가정한 CSO 관로 내 체수현상을 구현하여 수치모의한 결과, 기상청 AWS에서 계측된 강우량은 사고를 발생시키지 않았다. 하지만 실제 현상과 더 유사한 고밀도 기상관측망인 SK techx의 강우자료를 적용했을 때는 당일 발생한 사고와 유사한 결과가 나타났다. 이는 낮은 공간 밀도인 기상청 AWS는 청계천에서 일어나는 실제현상을 예측할 수 없고, 안전한 하천관리르 위해 고밀도 기상관측소가 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 CSO 관로 내 체수 유무를 독립변수로 수치 모의한 결과 비우당교의 CSO 관로 내 체수가 사고의 직접적인 원인으로 분석되었다.

청소년의 스마트폰 사용시간 증가 예측요인 (Factors Predicting Increased Usage Hours of Smartphone among Adolescents)

  • 박정혜
    • Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society
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    • 제20권6호
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    • pp.3201-3209
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    • 2018
  • 청소년의 과도한 스마트폰 사용은 성장 발달에 부정적인 영향을 미치고, 의존이나 중독의 위험과도 관련되어 있다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 사용목적과 주요상담자를 중심으로 청소년의 스마트폰 사용시간증가의 위험요인을 확인하고자 하며, 이를 통해 청소년의 스마트폰 사용현황과 원인을 이해하고 원인에 따라 올바르게 교육하고 대처하는데 활용하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위하여 제13차(2017년) 청소년건강행태온라인조사 참여자 중 스마트폰 사용자 54,601명의 자료를 복합표본분석을 적용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 스마트폰 사용시간은 주당 평균 28.06시간이었고, 유용성, 오락성, 사교성의 사용목적 순서로 평균사용시간 비율이 증가하였다. 사교성 목적의 어플리케이션 유형을 주로 사용하는 경우 사용시간이 평균이상인 비율이 가장 많았고, 유용성 목적보다 사용시간증가의 위험이 2.19배 높았다. 주요상담자가 또래집단인 경우, 부모인 경우에 비해 사용시간증가의 위험은 1.43배 높았다. 이러한 결과들은 청소년의 스마트폰 사용을 조절하기 위하여 단순히 시간을 제한하는 것이 아니라 관련 원인을 파악하여 교육하고 대처할 필요가 있음을 보여준다.

생태순간평가(EMA) 일기법을 활용한 비자살적 자해경험 분석 (Exploration of Non-suicidal Self-injury based on Ecological Momentary Assessment(EMA))

  • 우정;권호인
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.720-729
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구에서는 생태순간평가(Ecological Momentary Assessment; EMA) 일기법을 통해 일상생활에서 비자살적 자해경험자의 개인 내 변화과정을 반복 측정하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 만 19세 이상 만 29세 이하의 성인 17명으로, 휴대폰 문자로 전송된 링크에 접속하여 2주간 하루에 한 번씩 그날의 정서, 대인관계갈등, 자해사고 및 행동에 대한 전자일기를 기록하였다. 총 238건의 엔트리를 활용하여 비자살적 자해의 맥락요인을 살펴보고, 정서와 대인관계갈등이 비자살적 자해에 미치는 영향을 다층 수준 모델을 통해 분석하였다. 그 결과, 그 날의 부정정서는 개인 내 수준에서 자해행동과 관련성이 유의하였고, 긍정정서는 개인 간 수준에서 자해행동과 관련성이 유의하였다. 이러한 결과는 전반적으로 긍정정서가 낮은 개인이 높은 개인에 비해 자해행동 위험성이 높고, 한 개인 내에서 그 날 부정정서가 증가하는 것이 그 날의 자해행동 위험성을 높인다는 것을 의미한다. 즉, 비자살적 자해경험자의 정서조절 개입에 있어 그 날의 부정정서 관리와 전반적 긍정정서 강화가 중요하다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구는 단기 종단적 방법을 통해 일상생활에서 비자살적 자해의 위험요인을 탐색했다는 것에 연구의 의의가 있다.

The Effects of Hot Temperature on Impulsive Behaviors: The Role of Product Types as a Moderator

  • Ahn, Hee-Kyung
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.27-48
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    • 2012
  • Temperature and weather are all around us, quite literally. Furthermore, temperature and weather not only permeate our atmosphere, constantly affecting our visceral states of warmth and coldness, but they metaphorically permeate our language. People, products, and ideas can all be "hot" or "cold." Given this ubiquity, it is perhaps surprising that relatively little research has systematically examined the influence of temperature on choice and judgment. Temperature-related words such as "hot" and "cold" are often used to describe impulsive and calculated behaviors, respectively. These metaphoric connotations of thermal concepts raise the question as to whether temperature, psychological states and decision making are related to each other, and if so, how. The current research examines these questions and finds support for a relationship. Across one field study and one laboratory experiment, I demonstrate that both hot ambient room temperature (Spa) and hot temperature primes (words) trigger decision outcomes in line with the metaphoric association between hot temperature and impulsivity. In the field study, participants were recruited in hot (40-50 degrees Celsius) and cold (10 degrees Celsius) rooms at a spa. Participants were simply asked to indicate their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for three product categories (travel package, birthday dinner, and cell phone). The results showed that participants in the hot room in comparison to those in the cold room were willing to pay more for the same products. Next, I tested if our results would go beyond ambient temperature and would hold if I were to prime temperature concepts by using a different priming method (i.e., subliminal vs. supraliminal). In line with the previous findings in the spa, participants in the hot priming condition were more likely to choose the wrong answer for the bat and baseball question than those in the cold priming condition. In addition, product type (e.g., pleasure vs. necessity) can moderate the effect of hot temperature on impulsivity. Mood and arousal did not mediate participants' responses. My findings seem to suggest that the effects of temperature on decision outcomes can be attributed to metaphoric associations rather than incidental mood or arousal. The current research applies a novel perspective in understanding the relationship between temperature and judgment and decision making. Also, the results have practical implications for packaging, advertising, merchandising, and pricing of goods and services, as well as for public policy and awareness. One of the most natural implications of my findings would be that retailers would be better off carrying more impulse purchase items on hot days. Furthermore, point-of-purchase promotions encouraging impulse purchase is more likely to be effective in retail environments with higher temperature than with lower temperature. In addition, advertisements and product packages evoking hot temperature associations (e.g., beach, sunshine, summer) might lead consumers to pay higher price for the advertised product than those with cold temperature associations.

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모바일 데이터 서비스 사용량 증감에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 관한 연구: 이요인 이론(Two Factor Theory)을 바탕으로 (A Study for Factors Influencing the Usage Increase and Decrease of Mobile Data Service: Based on The Two Factor Theory)

  • 이상훈;김일경;이호근;박현지
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.97-122
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    • 2007
  • Conventional networking and telecommunications infrastructure characterized by wires, fixed location, and inflexibility is giving way to mobile technologies. Numerous research reports point to the ultimate domination of wireless communication. With the increasing prevalence of advanced cell-phones, various mobile data services (hereafter MDS) are gaining popularity. Although cellular networks were originally introduced for voice communications, statistics indicate that data services are replacing the matured voice service as the growth engine for telecom service providers. For example, SK Telecom, the Korea's largest mobile service provider, reported that 25.6% of revenue and 28.5% of profit came from MDS in 2006 and the share is growing. Statistics also indicate that, in 2006, the average revenue per user (ARPU) for voice didn't change but MDS grew seven percents from the previous year, further highlighting its growth potential. MDS is defined "as an assortment of digital data services that can be accessed using a mobile device over a wide geographic area." A variety of MDS have been deployed, with a few reaching the status of killer applications. Many of them need to access the Internet through the cellular-phone infrastructure. In the past, when the cellular network didn't have acceptable bandwidth for data services, SMS (short messaging service) dominated MDS. Now, Internet-ready, next-generation cell-phones are driving rich digital data services into the fabric of everyday life, These include news on various topics, Internet search, mapping and location-based information, mobile banking and gaming, downloading (i.e., screen savers), multimedia streaming, and various communication services (i.e., email, short messaging, messenger, and chaffing). The huge economic stake MDS has on its stakeholders warrants focused research to understand associated dynamics behind its adoption. Lyytinen and Yoo(2002) pointed out the limitation of traditional adoption models in explaining the rapid diffusion of innovations such as P2P or mobile services. Also, despite the increasing popularity of MDS, unexpected drop in its usage is observed among some people. Intrigued by these observations, an exploratory study was conducted to examine decision factors of MDS usage. Data analysis revealed that the increase and decrease of MDS use was influenced by different forces. The findings of the exploratory study triggered our confirmatory research effort to validate the uni-directionality of studied factors in affecting MDS usage. This differs from extant studies of IS/IT adoption that are largely grounded on the assumption of bi-directionality of explanatory variables in determining the level of dependent variables (i.e., user satisfaction, service usage). The research goal is, therefore, to examine if increase and decrease in the usage of MDS are explained by two separate groups of variables pertaining to information quality and system quality. For this, we investigate following research questions: (1) Does the information quality of MDS increase service usage?; (2) Does the system quality of MDS decrease service usage?; and (3) Does user motivation for subscribing MDS moderate the effect information and system quality have on service usage? The research questions and subsequent analysis are grounded on the two factor theory pioneered by Hertzberg et al(1959). To answer the research questions, in the first, an exploratory study based on 378 survey responses was conducted to learn about important decision factors of MDS usage. It revealed discrepancy between the influencing forces of usage increase and those of usage decrease. Based on the findings from the exploratory study and the two-factor theory, we postulated information quality as the motivator and system quality as the de-motivator (or hygiene) of MDS. Then, a confirmative study was undertaken on their respective role in encouraging and discouraging the usage of mobile data service.

인공부화기의 실시간 중량감지를 위한 로드셀을 이용한 시스템 연구 (Study of system using load cell for real time weight sensing of artificial incubator)

  • 정진형;김애경;이상식
    • 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.144-149
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    • 2018
  • 인공부화기 내에 종란이 입란하여 18일간 발생기를 거쳐 발육기로 이란을 한다. 발생기 동안 계태아 무게 손실은 곧 기실형성과 상관되며 적당한 기실 형성은 곧 건강한 초생추와 입란 대비 부화율과도 연결된다. 그러나 국내 부화장의 부화기에는 현재 무게를 측정하는 장치 없이 부화실장과 관계자의 경험과 발육기로 이란시 표준 무게 측정으로 결과적 측면을 습득하는 것이 현실이다. 그로 인하여 부화 중 조기 폐사, 약추, 병약한 초생추 발생이 빈번한 실정이다. 종란 중량 감소를 모니터링하는 것은 발육장치기 안에서의 무게 변화에 따른 병아리 품질과 부화율 성과를 얻는 데에 절대적으로 중요하다. 종란의 크기와 난각질, 노계 군에 따라 수분 손실은 각기 다르다. 발육기 안에서 무게 변화를 실시간 측정하고 그에 따른 환기 변화를 최적화하여 부화율의 증가를 기대할 수 있으며 부화 시 전체 무게의 10~13% 감소를 컨트롤할 수 있는 실시간 측정 시스템의 개발 필요성이 대두된다. 본 연구를 통한 시스템은 기존의 입란과 이란시 직접적으로 일회성을 체크하는 방식으로 발육 기간 내에는 계태아 수분 증발 측정 제어가 불가능하여 부화율에 영향을 못 미치는 시스템과 달리 아두이노 스케치 보드에 로드셀 4개를 병렬로 연결하고 실시간으로 휴대폰, 컴퓨터를 연결하기 위해 Hyper-terminal 프로그램을 이용하여 AT-command 명령어를 활용하여 정상적으로 연동하였다. 블루투스의 통신속도는 15200으로 설정하여 아두이노와 Hyper-terminal 프로그램의 통신 속도를 맞춰주었다. 실시간 모니터링을 하여 인공부화기 내의 계태아 무게의 변화를 육안으로 확인할 수 있도록 시스템을 설계하였다. 이와 같은 방법으로 종란의 부화율 상승 및 건강상태의 향상을 목표로 하였으며 실시간 모니터링으로 인하여 사용자의 편의성을 확대하고자 하였다.

사회적 네트워크 구조특성과 제품구전의 확산: 사회문화적 접근 (Structural Properties of Social Network and Diffusion of Product WOM: A Sociocultural Approach)

  • 윤성준;한희은
    • 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.141-177
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    • 2011
  • 기존의 확산관련 연구들은 대부분이 구전 커뮤니케이션의 효용성에 치중하여 개인단위의 변수를 사용하는 경향이 많았다 (Iacobucci 1996; Midgley 외 1992). 반면 구전의 선행 변수로써 네트워크의 구조적 특성을 소비자의 집단문화적 성향에 기초하여 조사한 연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구는 이같은 연구배경 하에서 네트워크의 구조적 특성과 소비자의 구전간의 관계를 연관시켜 비교문화적으로 접근하려고 하였다. 본 연구에서 추구하는 주요 목적은 한국과 중국 소비자를 대상으로 사회적 네트워크 형태에 따른 구전효과를 규명하려는 것이며, 네트워크와 구전 효과와의 관계에 영향을 미치는 조절변수로써 문화적 가치관의 역할을 검증하려고 하였다. 구체적인 연구목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회적 네트워크 관련 이론들을 바탕으로 한국과 중국 소비자들을 대상으로 네트워크의 구조적 특성들 (예: 유대강도, 중심성, 범위)이 구전의 효과 (구전 의향 및 구전 정보의 질)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 규명한다. 둘째, 사회적 네트워크 특성이 구전효과에 미치는 영향에 있어서 문화적 가치 (불확실성 회피 성향, 개인주의성향)가 조절 역할을 하는지를 규명한다. 셋째, 사회적 네트워크 특성과 구전효과의 선행변수로써 소비자 개인의 혁신 성향의 역할을 규명한다. 분석 결과, 한국과 중국 소비자들은 공통적으로 네트워크 유대강도와 중심성은 구전의향에 유의한 영향을 보였으나 네트워크 범위는 두집단 모두 유의하게 나타나지 않았다. 반면, 한, 중 소비자 공통적으로 불확실성회피 성향은 네트워크범위와 상호작용을 함으로써 구전의향에 조절역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 소비자의 혁신성향은 한중 두 소비자 집단에서 공통적으로 네트워크 특성 (중심성)과 구전효과(구전정보의 질) 에 유의하게 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한중 양국의 네트워크 특성을 비교한 결과 한국이 중국보다 유대강도, 중심성, 범위에서 모두 유의하게 더 높은 점수를 보였으며, 불확실성회피 성향 또한 한국 소비자가 중국보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다.

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쇼핑 가치 추구 성향에 따른 쇼핑 목표와 공유 의도 차이에 관한 연구 - 전자제품 구매고객을 중심으로 (Shopping Value, Shopping Goal and WOM - Focused on Electronic-goods Buyers)

  • 박경원;박주영
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.68-79
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    • 2009
  • The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

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