• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.46-53
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• 1995

Thiocarbamate계(系) 제초제(除草劑) 4종(種)(molinate, dimepiperate, esprocarb 및 thiobencarb)의 살초력(殺草力)과 세포분열(細胞分裂) 및 신장(伸長)에 미치는 영향을 비교 검토하였다. 실험(實驗) 제초제(除草劑) 4종(種) 모두 $10^{-6}-10^{-4}M$ 처리수준(處理水準)에서 벼와 피의 발아(發芽) 및 발아후(發芽後) 뿌리 생장(生長)에는 영향을 미치지 않고, 발아후(發芽後) 지상부(地上部) 생육(生育)에만 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 gibberellin-유기(誘起) ${\alpha}$-amylase 생합성(生合成)에 대해서는 실험(實驗) 제초제(除草劑) 모두 $10^{-5}M$ 처리수준(處理水準)에서는 영향이 없었지만, $10^{-4}M$에서는 무처리(無處理) 대비(對比) 약 50-60%의 저해를 나타내었다. 피 파종 후 7 일에 처리된 thiocarbamate계(系) 제초제(除草劑)의 초장(草長) 생육 50% 억제에 요구되는 약량(藥量)은 molinate 146g, dimepiperate 91g, esprocarb 96g 및 thiobencarb 102g ai/10a이었다. 4종(種)의 thiocarbamate계(系) 제초제(除草劑)는 $10^{-4}M$ 처리(處理) 농도(濃度)에서 세포분열(細胞分裂)에 영향을 미치지 않았고, $10^{-3}M$ 농도(濃度)에서 약 31-47%의 저해(沮害)를 보였다. 세포신장(細胞伸長)에는 $10^{-5}M$ 처리수준(處理水準)에서 약 33-38%의 억제를 보였다. 실험(實驗) thiocarbamate계(系) 제초제(除草劑) 모두 IAA-유기(誘起) 엽초 신장을 저해하였다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Plant growth is considered the sum of cell proliferation and subsequent elongation of the cells. The continuous proliferation and elongation of plant cells are vital to the production of new organs, which have a significant impact on overall plant growth. Accordingly, the relationship between environmental stimuli, such as temperature, light, wind, and sound waves to plant growth is of great interest in studies of plant development. Sound waves can have negative or positive effects on plant growth. In this review paper we have summarized the relationship between sound waves and plant growth response. Sound waves with specific frequencies and intensities can have positive effects on various plant biological indices including seed germination, root elongation, plant height, callus growth, cell cycling, signaling transduction systems, enzymatic and hormonal activities, and gene expression.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6533-6535
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• 2013

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new type of tumor biomarker, eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), in serum for the early diagnosis, confirmative diagnosis as well as assessment of treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: 130 patients with NSCLC and 50 healthy individuals undergoing physical examination in our hospital provided the observation and healthy control groups. An enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) method was applied to determine serum eEF2 levels. Serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) levels in the observation group were assessed with an automatic biochemical analyzer. Results: The median levels of eEF2 in the serum of NSCLC patients was found to be significantly higher than the healthy control group (p < 0.01) and it was markedly higher in stages III, IV than stages I, II (p < 0.05). eEF2 was higher with tumor size ${\geq}2$ cm than <2 cm (P< 0.01). Furthermore, two weeks after surgery patients showed a significant trend for eEF2 decrease (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) has certain clinical values for early diagnosis, verification, and prognosis as well as classification of lung cancer patients.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제22권1_2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1979

The present investigation has been made to study the deficiency symptoms of boron on the formation of cell wall and the development of the individual components of the orchid cell wall. Analytical samples were taken from two sources; one from the individual orchid plants started from an apical meristem culture followed by the generation of the protocorm-like body which was developed into a plant, the other from the plant cultivated in water for 30 days. The amount of boron in the cultrues were controlled and the deficiency symptoms were observed under theelectron microscope, optical microscope with samples taken from the zones of elongation of leaves and compared the dry weight of cell walls and finally the various fractions of the cell wall components. The following results were obtained: (1) The growth of roots and leaves was hampered in the boron deficient plants. (2) In the boron-deficient leaves a severe necrosis and cracks were developed in the tissue of zone of elongation besides the decrease in growth. (3) under the electorn microscope the cell walls of boron-deficient plants showed rough undulated structures unlike the smooth control cell walls. (4) the dry weight of total cells and cell walls of boron deficient plants were higher than the control plants. (5) In the boron deficient plant the amout of pectin and hemicellulose isolated from cell walls were higher and the amount of protein was lower than the controlled plots.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.321-331
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• 2020

Background: The patatin-related phospholipase AIII family (pPLAIIIs) genes alter cell elongation and cell wall composition in Arabidopsis and rice plant, suggesting diverse commercial purposes of the economically important medicinal ginseng plant. Herein, we show the functional characterization of a ginseng pPLAIII gene for the first time and discuss its potential applications. Methods: pPLAIIIs were identified from ginseng expressed sequence tag clones and further confirmed by search against ginseng database and polymerase chain reaction. A clone showing the highest homology with pPLAIIIβ was shown to be overexpressed in Arabidopsis using Agrobacterium. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze ginseng pPLAIIIβ expression. Phenotypes were observed using a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope. Lignin was stained using phloroglucinol and quantified using acetyl bromide. Results: The PgpPLAIIIβ transcripts were observed in all organs of 2-year-old ginseng. Overexpression of ginseng pPLAIIIβ (PgpPLAIIIβ-OE) in Arabidopsis resulted in small and stunted plants. It shortened the trichomes and decreased trichome number, indicating defects in cell polarity. Furthermore, OE lines exhibited enlarged seeds with less number per silique. The YUCCA9 gene was downregulated in the OE lines, which is reported to be associated with lignification. Accordingly, lignin was stained less in the OE lines, and the expression of two transcription factors related to lignin biosynthesis was also decreased significantly. Conclusion: Overexpression of pPLAIIIβ retarded cell elongation in all the tested organs except seeds, which were longer and thicker than those of the controls. Shorter root length is related to auxinresponsive genes, and its stunted phenotype showed decreased lignin content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.953-957
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• 2006

The eukaryotic elongation factor 1 A (EEF1A) participates in protein synthesis by forming the eEF1A GTP tRNA complex to deliver aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of ribosomes. This study described cDNA sequences and partial genomic structure of porcine EEF1A1. The porcine EEF1A1 gene encoded a protein with 462 amino acids, which shared complete homology with human, chimpanzee and dog. The temporal expression pattern showed the diversity of EEF1A1 level in mRNA was relatively minor in prenatal embryo skeletal muscle, however, the expression decreased during aging after birth in skeletal muscle of the Chinese Tongcheng pig. The spatial expression patterns indicated that the gene expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, lung, liver, kidney, fat and spleen. In addition, we assigned the gene to porcine chromosome 1 using a radiation hybrid panel.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2005

Brassinosteroids are steroidal plant hormones and are known to modulate physiological and cellular response in a wide range of plant species. Considerable insights has been achieved of the physiological role of brassinosteroid in Brassica species in the past few years, but their effect on direct organogenesis has not been extensively studied. In this sense, under optimal basal media and growth conditions we tested the cellular and organogenic response of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) in a variable concentration (0.1 to $5.0\;{\mu}M$) and Zeatin (Z) (1.0 to $100\;{\mu}M$) and their synergic effect on hypocotyl explants of cauliflower and broccoli. The isolated EBL accelerated cell elongation and promotes direct organogenesis. One micromolar EBL + $10\;{\mu}M$ of Z was the most efficient combination for cell elongation, cell differentiation as well as for organogenesis. A suppressing effect on root induction was confirmed for all the tested hormone levels. The general results indicate a synergic effect of EBL-Z and EBL potentates Zeatin activity, at least in certain tissues. Besides de genetic factors, we can speculate that the natural hormone concentration in the explants might affect the responses by application of exogenous growth regulators. Experiments with new plant growth regulators, like brassinolide, are important aiming to maximize or accelerate plant regeneration for in vitro multiplication or for genetic transformation.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제9권1_2호
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• pp.17-21
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• 1966

The mutual relationships of boron, Ca and sucrose were studied in relation to in vitro pollen growth and pollen bursting, by using conventient pollen from Crinum asiaticum for experiment. Crinum pollen are paticularly sensitive to Ca. Addition of very small amount of boron to cultural media was apparently synergistic to the action of sucrose and Ca in pollen germination and tube elongation. This action was extended to a higher level of boron concentraton. Combined application of boron, Ca and sucrose always gave the better results in pollen growth and protection against pollen bursting much more than when used singly. This indicated that there is a direct relationship between better growth of pollen and increased rigidity of pollen cell wall. A higher level of Ca concentration tended to increase bursting rate of pollen grains and decrease that of pollen tubes, while boron always depressed the rate of bursting. This was considered due to increased failure in pollen germination at high level of Ca that favors pollen tube elongation. The fact that Ca show an antagonistic effect on the suppressive action of high level of boron in pollen growth and shows different effect in response to pollen bursting from boron, suggested mode of Ca and boron action in the presence of sucrose is quiate different, although to increase in rigidity of pollen cell wall by them is in common nature. It was postulated therefore that Ca acts on pectins of pollen cell wall largely as "non-metabolic" and boron as "metabolic" promoter is pollen growth and protecting pollen bursting, since boron and Ca have common nature in strengthening the pollen cell wall but act differently.but act differently.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.294-301
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• 2006

We have previously reported that phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is related to the differentiation of chick embryonic muscle cells in culture. In the present study, we found that eEF2 phosphorylation declined shortly after induction of differentiation of L6 myoblasts, when the cells prepare for terminal differentiation by withdrawing from the cell cycle. This decrease in phosphorylation was prevented by inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) that strongly inhibit myoblast differentiation. We hypothesized that PI3-kinase plays an important role in myoblast differentiation by regulating eEF2 phosphorylation in the early stages of differentiation. To test this hypothesis, myoblasts were synchronized at in $G_2/M$ and cultured in fresh differentiation medium (DM) or growth medium (GM). In DM the released cells accumulated in $G_0$/$G_1$ while in GM they progressed to S phase. In addition, cyclin D1 was more rapidly degraded in DM than in GM, and eEF2 phosphorylation decreased more. Inhibitors of PI3-kinase increased eEF2 phosphorylation, but PI3-kinase became more activated when eEF2 phosphorylation declined. These results suggest that the regulation of L6 myoblast differentiation by PI3-kinase is related to eEF2 phosphorylation.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.107-116
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• 1992

큐티클리층이 제거된 해바라기(Helianthus annuus L.) 하배축 절편의 오옥신(IAA, $10\;\mu\textrm{M}$) 유도 신장 반응에 있어서 RNA, 단백질 합성 및 세포벽으로의 $H^{+}$ 방출과의 관계에 대해 조사하였다. 하배축의 표피조직 바깥에 있는 큐티클층은 실험에 사용하는 여러 가지 대사억제제에 대해 어느 정도 불투과성 장벽으로 작용하여 억제제의 효과를 저하시키지만, 곱게 간 석영사로 하배축 절편을 문질러서 큐티클리층을 제거하였을 때 억제제들의 효과는 현저하게 증가하였다. 단백질 합성 억제제인 cycloheximide (CHI, $10\;\mu\textrm{M}$)는 5분 정도의 지연시간 뒤에 IAA유도 신장반응을 억제하기 시작하였으며, 신장 반응 4-5분 전(IAA처리 10분 뒤)에 처리하였을 때 IAA에 의한 신장반응을 완벽하게 억제하였다. 그러나 신장률이 정상상태를 유지하고 있는 IAA처리 60분 뒤에 CHI를 처리하였을 때는 신장률이 0에 이르기까지 60분 이상이 걸렸다. RNA합성 억제제인 cordycepin(COR, $200\;\mu\textrm{M}$)은 IAA보다 5분 먼저 처리하였을 때 신장반응을 완전히 억제하였으며, 정상상태의 신장을 완전히 억제하는 데는 70분 이상이 걸렸다. 원형질막 $H^{+}-ATPase$의 활성을 저해하는 vanadate(1 mM)는 IAA유도 신장과 세포벽으로의 $H^{+}$ 방출을 통한 배양액의 산성화를 모두 억제하였다. 또한 CHI는 완벽하게 COR 역시 현저하게 IAA에 의한 $H^{+}$ 방출을 억제하였다. 그러나 산성용액속에서, CHI에 의한 IAA 유도 신장의 억제가 다시 회복되지 않는 것으로 보아 CHI가 단순히 세포벽의 산성화를 억제하여 신장을 저지하는 것 같지는 않다. 이상의 결과에서 해바라기 하배축의 IAA유도 신장 반응의 시작과 세포벽으로의 $H^{+}$ 방출에는 단백질(생장제한 단백질)의 합성이 필요하며 이 단백질은 신장이 시작하기 전에는 존재하지 않고 IAA에 의한 신장 반응 및 분전에 새로 합성됨을 추측할 수 있다. 그리고 COR이 IAA 유도 신장을 억제한다는 것은 IAA에 의한 생장제한 단백질의 합성이 RNA합성 수준에서 이루어진다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 신장 반응에는 세포벽으로의 $H^{+}$ 방출이 필요하나 이는 단순히 세포벽의 산성화를 통한 산성생장의 원인이 되는 것 같지는 않다.