• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2013

$Cu(In,Ga)_3Se_5$ is a candidate material for the top cell of $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ tandem cells. This phase is often found at the surface of the $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ film during $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ cell fabrication, and plays a positive role in $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ cell performance. However, the exact properties of the $Cu(In,Ga)_3Se_5$ film have not been extensively studied yet. In this work, $Cu(In,Ga)_3Se_5$ films were fabricated on Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrates by a three-stage co-evaporation process. The Cu content in the film was controlled by varying the deposition time of each stage. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses showed that, even though the stoichiometric Cu/(In+Ga) ratio is 0.25, $Cu(In,Ga)_3Se_5$ is easily formed in a wide range of Cu content as long as the Cu/(In+Ga) ratio is held below 0.5. The optical band gap of $Cu_{0.3}(In_{0.65}Ga_{0.35})_3Se_5$ composition was found to be 1.35eV. As the Cu/(In+Ga) ratio was decreased further below 0.5, the grain size became smaller and the band gap increased. Unlike the $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ solar cell, an external supply of Na with $Na_2S$ deposition further increased the cell efficiency of the $Cu(In,Ga)_3Se_5$ solar cell, indicating that more Na is necessary, in addition to the Na supply from the soda lime glass, to suppress deep level defects in the $Cu(In,Ga)_3Se_5$ film. The cell efficiency of $CdS/Cu(In,Ga)_3Se_5$ was improved from 8.8 to 11.2% by incorporating Na with $Na_2S$ deposition on the CIGS film. The fill factor was significantly improved by the Na incorporation, due to a decrease of deep-level defects.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.431-431
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• 2016

Typical Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)-based solar cells have a buffer layer between CIGS absorber layer and transparent ZnO front electrode, which plays an important role in improving the cell performance. Among various buffer materials, chemical bath deposition (CBD)-ZnS is being steadily studied to alternative to conventional CdS and the efficiency of CBD-ZnS/CIGS solar cell shows the comparable values with that of CdS/CIGS solar cell. The intriguing thing is that reversible changes occur after exposure to illumination due to the metastable defect states in completed ZnS/CIGS solar cell, which induces an improvement of solar cell performance. Thus, it implies that the understanding of metastable defects in CBD-ZnS/CIGS solar cell is important issue. In this study, we fabricate the ITO/i-ZnO/CBD-ZnS/CIGS/Mo/SLG solar cells by controlling the NH4OH mole concentration (from 2 M to 3.5 M) of CBD-ZnS buffer layer and observe their conversion efficiency with and without light soaking for 1 hr. From the results, NH4OH mole concentration and light exposure can significantly affect the CBD-ZnS/CIGS solar cell performance. In order to investigate that which layer can contain metastable defect states to influence on solar cell performance, impedance spectroscopy and capacitance profiling technique with exposure to illumination have been applied to CBD-ZnS/CIGS solar cell. These techniques give a very useful information on the density of states within the bandgap of CIGS, free carriers density, and light-induced metastable effects. Here, we present the rearranged charge distribution after exposure to illumination and suggest the origin of the metastable defect states in CBD-ZnS/CIGS solar cell.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.93-93
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• 2010

Semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) have recently attracted considerable interest for use in photovoltaics. Band gaps of NQDs can be tuned over a considerable range by varying the particle size thereby allowing enhance absorption of solar spectrum. NQDs, synthesized using colloidal routes, are solution processable and promise for a large-area fabrication. Recent advancements in multiple-exciton generation in NQD solutions have afforded possible efficiency improvements. Various architectures have attempted to utilize the NQDs in photovoltaics, such as NQD-sensitized solar cell, NQD-bulk-heterojuction solar cell and etc. Here we have fabricated CdSe NQDs with the band gap of 1.8 eV to 2.1 eV on thin-layers of p-type organic crystallites (1.61 eV) to realize a donor-acceptor type heterojuction solar cell. Simple structure as it was, we could control the interface of electrode-p-layer, and n-p-layer and monitor the following efficiency changes. Specifically, surface molecules adsorbed on the NQDs were critical to enhance the carrier transfer among the n-layer where we could verify by measuring the photo-response from the NQD layers only. Further modifying the annealing temperature after the deposition of NQDs on p-layers allowed higher conversion efficiencies in the device.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.21-22
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• 2019

Melanin is a mixture of pigmented biopolymers synthesized by epidermal melanocytes that determine the skin, eye, and hair colors. Melanocytes produce two different kinds of melanin, eumelanin (dark brown/black insoluble pigments found in dark skin and dark hair and pheomelanin (lighter red/yellow). The biological role of melanin is to prevent skin damage by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, the overproduction or deficiency of melanin synthesis could lead to serious dermatological problems, which include melasma, melanoderma, lentigo, and vitiligo. Therefore, regulating melanin production is important to prevent the pigmentation disorders. Myanmar has a rich in natural resources. However, the chemical constituents of these natural resources in Myanmar have not been fully investigated. In the effort to search for compounds with anti-melanin deposition activity from Myanmar natural resources, five plants were collected in Myanmar. Extracts of these collected five plants were tested for anti-melanin deposition activity against a mouse melanoma cell line (B16-F10) induced with ${\alpha}$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and their anti-melanin deposition activities were compared with the positive control, arbutin. Among the tested extracts, the CHCl3 extracts of the Premna serratifolia (syn: P. integrifolia) wood showed anti-melanin deposition activities with IC50 values of $81.3{\mu}g/mL$. Hence, this study aims to identify secondary metabolites with anti-melanin deposition activity from P. serratifolia wood of Myanmar. P. serratifolia belongs to the Verbenaceae family and is widely distributed in near western sea coast from South Asia to South East Asia, which include India, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. People in Tanintharyi region located in the southern part of Myanmar utilize the P. serratifolia, Sperethusa crenulata, Naringi crenulata, and Limonia acidissima as Thanaka, traditional cosmetics in Myanmar. Thanaka is applied in the form of paste onto skins to make it smooth and clear, as well as to prevent wrinkles, skin aging, excessive facial oil, pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. However, the chemical constituents responsible for their cosmetic properties are yet to be identified. Moreover, the chemical constituents of P. serratifolia was almost uncharacterized. Investigation of the P. serratifolia chemical constituents is thus an attractive endeavor to discover new anti-melanin deposition active compounds. The investigation of the chemical constituents of the active CHCl3 extract of P. serratifolia led to isolation of four new lignoids, premnan A (1), premnan B (2), taungtangyiol C (3), and 7,9-dihydroxydolichanthin B (4), together with premnan C (5) (assumed to be an artifact), one natural newlignoid,(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)-3-[(R)-1-(1,3-benzo dioxol-5-yl)-1-hydroxy methyl]tetrahydro-2-furanone (6), and five known compounds (7-11)1,2). The structures of all isolated compounds were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data and by comparison with the reported literatures. The absolute configurations of 1-3 and 5 were also determined by optical rotation and circular dichroism (CD) data analyses1). The anti-melanin deposition activities of all the isolated compounds were evaluated against B16-F10 cell line. 7,9-Dihydroxydolichanthin B (4) and ($2{\alpha},3{\alpha}$)-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (11) showed strong anti-melanin deposition activities with IC50 values of 18.4 and $11.2{\mu}M$, respectively, without cytotoxicity2). On the other hand, compounds 1-3, 5, and 7 showed melanogenesis enhancing activities1). To better understand their anti-melanin deposition mechanism, the effects of 4 and 11 on tyrosinase activities were investigated. The assay indicated that compounds 4 and 11 did not inhibit tyrosinase. Furthermore, we also examined the mRNA expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). Compounds 4 and 11 down-regulated the expression of Tyr and Mitf mRNAs, respectively. Although the P. serratifolia wood has been used as traditional cosmetics in Myanmar for centuries, there are no scientific evidences to support its effectiveness as cosmetics. Investigation of the anti-melanin deposition activity of the chemical constituents of P. serratifolia thus provided insight into the effectiveness of the P. serratifolia wood as a cosmetic agent.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 1994

1.000%(w/v)텅스텐 메트릭스 중에 미량불순물로 존재하는 아연, 카드뮴, 납 및 구리의 동시정량을 펄스차이 벗김전압전류법으로 검토하였다. 지지전해질로는 타르타르산(pH=5.00)을 사용하였다. 사전 농축은 -1.2 volt(vs. Ag/AgCl)에서 3분간이면 충분하였다. 1.000%(w/v)텅스텐 매트릭스 중에서 아연, 카드뮴, 납 및 구리 각 원소의 동시 정량이 가능한 직선 범위는 10 ~ 50 ppb였으며, 3${\sigma}$검출한계는 각각 1.25, 1.02, 1.69, 1.02ppb 로 나타났다. 이 결과는 텅스텐 매트릭스하에서 ICP-AES의 검출한계인 8.0, 5.0, 120, 5 ppb 결과와 비교하여 볼때, 본 방법이 보다 우수한 미량분석방법임을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Information Display
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

In this paper, we demonstrate that the organic electrophosphorescent device is driven by the organic thin film transistor with spin-coated photoacryl gate insulator. It was found that electrical output characteristics in our organic thin film transistors using the staggered-inverted top-contact structure showed the non-saturated slope in the saturation region and the sub-threshold nonlinearity in the triode region, where we obtained the maximum power luminance that was about 90 $cd/m^2$. Field effect mobility, threshold voltage, and on-off current ratio in 0.45 ${\mu}m$ thick gate dielectric layer were 0.17 $cm^2/Vs$, -7 V, and $10^6$ , respectively. In order to form polyimide as a gate insulator, vapor deposition polymerization process was also introduced instead of spin-coating process, where polyimide film was co-deposited by high-vacuum thermal evaporation from 4,4'-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) and cured at 150${\sqsubset}$for 1hr. It was also found that field effect mobility, threshold voltage, on-off current ratio, and sub-threshold slope with 0.45 ${\mu}m$ thick gate dielectric films were 0.134 $cm^2/Vs$, -7 V, and $10^6$ A/A, and 1 V/decade, respectively.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.371-381
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• 1997

Precipitation sampls were collected in Chonju-city during October 1994 to September 1995 and were analysed for major ions (N $a^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , NO/$_3$, S $O_4$$^{2-}$) and trace metals (Al, Cd, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn) in addition to pH, in order to understand the chemical characteristics of acid rain and to estimate the origin of the determined ions. Most rain showed a neutral or alkaline character, and only 35% had a pH lower than 5.6. S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ are identified as the primary contributors to precipitation acidity in this region. Neutralization of precipitation acidity occurs as a result of the dissolution of alkaline compounds containing $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $K^{+}$. S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ precipitation concentrations exhibit a seasonal pattern in which higher concentrations are observed during spring months and lower concentrations during summer months. However, the seasonal behavior of $H^{+}$ concentrations differs from this pattern, in that the highest concentrations occur during autumn months, owing to the different influence of neutralization processes. In all rain, S $O_4$$^{2-}$ concentration exceeded NO/$_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentration. The contribution of maritime sources to the total S $O_4$$^{2-}$ concentration was very low or negligible. For rain strongly affacted by yellow sand, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $K^{+}$ ions show a sharp increase in concentration, reflecting the increased amount of dust and soil suspended in atmosphere. At the same time, S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentrations are at their highest levels while $H^{+}$ values are not comparably elevated, presumably beacause much of the acidity has been neutralized by alkaline substances. The seasonal variance of trace metal concentrations in rainwater is similar to that of major cations. The annual wet flux of acidic pollutants and trace metals wat calculated to be as follows: N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ ; 2.32 g/$m^2$, S $O_4$$^{2-}$, 5.34 g/$m^2$, Al; 6.30 mg/$m^2$, Cd; 0.62 mg/$m^2$, Ni; 4.08 mg/$m^2$, Pb: 9.76 mg/$m^2$, Sr; 5.94 mg/$m^2$, Zn; 111 mg/$m^2$./$m^2$.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2022

Planner configuration thin film solar cells (TFSCs) with SnS/CdS heterojunction performed a lower short-circuit current (J_SC). In this study, we have demonstrated a path to overcome deficiency in J_SC by the incorporation of Se in the SnS absorber. We carried out the incorporation of Se in VTD grown SnS absorber by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). The diffusion of Se is mostly governed by RTA temperature (T_RTA), also it is observed that film structure changes from cube-like to plate-like structure with T_RTA. The maximum J_SC of 23.1 mA cm^-2 was observed for 400℃ with an open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of 0.140 V for the same temperature. The highest performance of 2.21% with J_SC of 18.6 mA cm^-2, V_OC of 0.290 V, and fill factor (FF) of 40.9% is observed for a T_RTA of 300℃. In the end, we compare the device performance of Se- incorporated SnS absorber with pristine SnS absorber material, increment in J_SC is approximately 80% while a loss in V_OC of about 20% has been observed.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.443-443
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• 2014

CIS 박막을 제조하기 위한 방법으로 셀렌화(selenization)방식, MOCVD방식, 동시진공증발(co-evaporation)방식, 전착(electrodeposition)방식 등이 있으나, 이러한 방식을 이용하여 CuInSe2 박막을 제조하는 경우 어떤 방법으로든 다원화합물의 조성 및 결정성을 조절하기가 매우 어려운 단점이 있었다. 기판의 온도를 일정 온도로 유지하도록 하고, 증발원을 가열하여 이에 내포된 물질(이원화합물 또는 단일원소)을 증발시켜 기판에 증착이 이루어지도록 하거나, 기판의 온도를 승온시키고 구리 이원화합물을 내포한 증발원을 가열해 물질을 증발시켜 기판에 증착이 이루어지도록 하는 방법으로 기판에 박막이 형성되도록 한다. 기판의 대면적화로 인해 균일한 박막의 형성이 어려워지고 있으며, 이중 15% 이상의 고효율을 보인 방법은 3-stage process를 이용한 동시진공증발방식으로, Cu, In, Ga, Se 등의 각 원소를 동시에 진공 증발시키면서 조성을 조절하여 태양전지에 적절한 전기적, 광학적 특성을 가지는 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)박막을 증착시키는 방법이다. 일반적으로, 실험실에서 연구되고 있는 장비의 구조는 증발원이 아래에 장착되어서 상향 증착되는 방식이다. 본 연구에서 사용된 장비는 하향 증발원이 측면에 장착되어서 하향 증착되는 방식으로 구성하였다. 증착되는 면방향으로, 적외선온도계(pyrometer)가 설치된 시창(viewport)의 오염 등으로 인하여, 지속적인 공정이 이루어지기 힘든 점을 개선하여 증착기판의 후면에 적외선 온도계를 설치하여 기판의 온도변화를 감지하여 공정에 반영할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구에서는 하향식 진공 증발원, 기판후면 온도모니터링모듈 등을 개발 장착하여, CIGS 박막을 제조하였으며, 버퍼층은 moving 스퍼터링법으로 ZnS를 증착하였고, 투명전극층은 PLD(Pulsed Laser Deposition)를 이용하여 제조하였다. 가장 높은 광변환효율을 보인 Al/ZnO/CdS/Mo/SLG박막시료는 유효면적 $0.45cm^2$에 광변환효율 15.65 %, Jsc : $33.59mA/cm^2$, Voc : 0.64 V, FF : 73.09 %를 얻을 수 있었으며, CdS를 ZnS로 대체한 Al/ZnO/ZnS/Mo/SLG박막시료는 유효면적 $0.45cm^2$에 광변환효율 12.45 %, Jsc : $33.62mA/cm^2$, Voc : 0.59 V, FF : 62.35 %를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1996년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1437-1439
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• 1996

In this paper, investigations on a three stage processing technique involving the co-evaporation of In-Se, Cu-Se and In-Se in this order at different deposition condition was undertaken. At first stage, we obtained good $In_{2}Se_{3}$ films by In-Se coevaporation. $In_{2}Se_{3}$ films show smooth and dense structure. And ration of In:Se was 2:3 $CulnSe_2$ thin films deposited by three stage process have shown strong adhesion on Mo coated glass substrates and good morphological properties suitable device fabrication. XWD spectra show single phase chalcopyrite $CulnSe_2$ films with strong orientation in the 112 plane. Resistivity of $CulnSe_2$ thin films was about $5{\times}10^{5}\;{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$. Surface morphology of CdS/$CulnSe_2$/Mo films was very good because of no pin holes.