• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.211-230
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• 1998

Introduction The effects of Bojungikkitang on the immunosuppression induced by methotrexate in rats were investigated in this experiment. The multiple parameters of immunity assessed in. each rats includes the rate of body weight loss, weight changes in thymus, spleen and axillary lymphnode. The number of lymphocyte and CD4+ T cell count in blood, thymus, spleen and axillary lymphnode were also measured. Methodology Male Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen as an experiment object and were divided into 3 groups by a random selection. Each group consisted 6 rats. The normal group didn't receive any treatment. The control group was administered methotrexate for 4 days. The sample group was administered with both Bojungikkitang and methotrexate for 4 days. The dosage of medication was 2cc/day, 1cc given at 10AM and another 1cc given at 5PM. Results The rate of body weight loss was significantly decreased in the sample group. The weight of thymus was significantly increased in the sample group while the weight of spleen did not show much increase. Blood CD4+ T cell count, thymus lymphocyte count, thymus CD4+ T cell count, spleen lymphocyte count, spleen CD4+ T cell count and axillary lymph node CD4+ T cell count were significantly increased in the sample group while blood lymphocyte count and axillary lymphnode lymphocyte count did not show much increase. Conclusion As one can witness from the above results, administration of Bojungikkitang played potent role in increasing immune system among the rats treated with methotrexate which induces immunosuppression. Overall increase of lymphocyte count and CD4+ T cell count in the sample group with Bojungikkitang effectively proves its ability to boost the immune system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.558-566
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• 2014

Growth induced by cadmium (Cd) and ethylsalicylic acid (ESA) and the effect of ESA on rubisco/rubisco activase were studied in tobacco. The effect of denaturants on rubisco/rubisco activase was also investigated. In order to determine optimal concentration of ESA for growth of tobacco, tobacco was treated with $10^{-6}$-10 mM. It was found that its growth was the highest at $10^{-4}$ mM ESA. In the experiment using control, Cd treated group, ESA treated group, and Cd and ESA mixture group, ESA alone showed the highest growth and Cd showed the lowest growth. Cd treated group was the lowest in both rubisco/rubisco activase content and activity. ESA reduced the rubisco/rubisco activase content, but increased their activity. The activity of rubisco was inhibited by treating L-cysteine, urea, thiourea, ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol, and EDTA other than guanidine-HCl in control group. L-cysteine, urea, thiourea, and guanidine-HCl treatments showed no change, but ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol and EDTA increased rubisco activase activity. In conclusion, ESA inhibited the content of rubisco and promoted its activity, whereas promoted the content of rubisco activase and inhibited its activity. In addition, the content and activity of rubisco and rubisco activase inhibited by Cd were recovered by ESA. The activity of rubisco and rubisco activase by Cd and ESA was inhibited by the denaturant and the recovery of ESA inhibited by Cd was lost by the denaturant.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.69-93
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• 2008

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of KKHS on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivo experiment using an NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, which has histological and clinical similarities to this condition in humans. Methods To investigate the effect of KKHS on atopic dermatitis (AD), we evaluated atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by clinical skin index and analyzed immunological parameters in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), splenocytes, draining lymph node(DLN) and performed skin histology in ears and dorsal skin of atopic dermatitis of NC/Nga mouse in vivo. Results In vivo, clinical skin severity score was significantly lower in the KKHS group than in the control group. IgE, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b levels in serum decreased remarkably in the KKHS group than in the control group, and the level of IFN-${\gamma}$ production which is secreted from Th1 cell was increased by KKHS. After this experiment we analyzed immunological cells ($CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$, $CD4^+CD25^+$ and $CD49b^+$) by flow cytometry. It results that the total absolute number of $CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cells were recovered as much as normal state, and the level of $CD3^+CD69^+$ in isolated DLN and PBMCs were significantly decreased, and total absolute number of $Gr-1^+$, $CD11b^+$ and $CD3^+$ in dorsal skin of NC/Nga mouse were decreased by KKHS. We analyzed ear, DLN, and neck-back skin after biopsy and dyeing by hematoxyline/eosin(H&E), toluidine staining (mast cells marker). KKHS were very effective to the histological symptoms which are in dermal and epidermal thickening, hyperkeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Ear thickness was significantly decreased compared with the control group and the size of inflammatory lymphocytes cells (ILC) and plasma cells (PC) in DLN were also decreased. Conclusions KKHS on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivo experiment using an NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse was very effectiveness to the atopy dermatitis treatment.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Purpose: Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) has been widely used. The optimal time for collection is a critical factor to obtain proper counts of CD34 cell by peripheral blood stem cell collection (PBSC). The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing peripheral blood stem cell collection in order to figure out the more effective timing for PBSC. Method: The subjects of this study were 189 patients undergoing 3 leukapheresis from January 28, 2005 to December 31,2006. Group's characteristics, checkup opinion of pre-peripheral blood on the day of harvest & outcome of PBSC were analyzed and evaluated using SAS statistics program after grouping patients as below; group 1-CD34 cell counts $<2{\times}10^6/kg$ (n=97); group $2-2{\times}10^6/kg$ ${\leq}CD34$ cell counts $<4{\times}10^6/kg$ (n=26); group 3-CD34 cell counts ${\geq}4{\times}10^6/kg$ (n=63). Results: Based on outcome of peripheral blood stem cell according to diagnosis, acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) was 65.5% at Group 1, Lymphoma was 21.7% at Group 2 and multiple myeloma (MM) was 70.8% at Group 3. There were significant differences in CD34 cell counts according to diagnosis (p=0.00004). Type of cytokine mobilization according to diagnosis, Lenograsim was using 62.5% of MM & 38.2% of AML and filgrastim is using 22.0% of AML only. Circular peripheral blood CD34 cell counts prior to harvest was $258.1/{\mu}L$ at Group 3 which was much higher comparing to Group 1 ($10.5/{\mu}L$) and Group 2 ($39.9/{\mu}L$) (p<0.001). TNC counts of collected peripheral blood stem cell was $15.36{\times}10^6/kg$ at Group 3 and it's much higher than Group 2 ($13.16{\times}10^6/kg$) and Group 1 ($12.36{\times}10^6/kg$) (p=0.083). There was no significant difference in MNC counts inbetween 3 groups. Conclusions: Circular peripheral blood CD34+ cell counts prior to harvest was much higher at Group 3 than Group 1 and Group 2. Therefore, the number of CD34+ cells on the day of harvest can be used as an accurate predictor for peripheral blood stem cell.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.980-986
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• 1998

The effects of mungbean sprout juice on cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 90g were divided into 4 groups and raised for 6 weeks. ; control group(CON), mungbean sprouts juice-administered group(MSJ), cadmium-administered group(CAD) fed water containing 40 ppm cadmium chloride and mung bean sprouts juice and cadmium-administered group(MCD). The diet was supplied every day for the measurement of feed efficiency ratio(FER) and net weight gain was measured every 3 days. The activities of serum glutamic oxaloactic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT), superoxide dimutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) in the liver and the hepatic contents of glutathione were examined. The contents of Cd in liver and kidney of the rats were determined by using ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrophotometer). Growth rate and FER were decreased in CAD group, compared with CON group but the changes were not significant in MCD group. The activities of serum GOT and GPT, SOD, catalase and GSH-Px in the liver were increased by Cd administration, but the alterations were decreased by supplementation with mungbean sprouts juice. The level of glutathione decreased in CAD group(26.8$\pm$9.0mg/g liver), whereas it increased in MCD group(36.4$\pm$15.8mg gliver). The content of Cd in the liver and kidney in MCD group(9.57 ppm, 4.88 ppm) was decreased, compared with CAD group(12.81 ppm, 5.46 ppm). This result suggested that mungbean sprout juice has a lowering effect on the accumulation of Cd in the liver and kidney and it is believed that the juice has some protective effects to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, but the mechanism of these effects was obscure.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.123-147
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• 2008

Objectives This study is to investigate how dose Ikhwang-San can be effective on SD rats which deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods The test sample were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at the beginning of dosage 1000, 500 and 250㎎/㎏/10㎖ from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and the changes of the body and spleen weight, total number of blood leukocytes, total number of lymphocytes, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the blood and spleen were observed. Results The changes of the body and spleen weight, the total number of blood leukocytes, the total number of lymphocyte in the blood and spleen were significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. The percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell in the blood and spleen were significantly increase in IHS groups and comparing with the control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell in blood and spleen was significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. Conclusions According to those results, Ikhwang-San has good immunostimulating effect on SD rats which had deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.502-506
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• 2012

In order to find the structural characteristics of the thin films of group II-VI semiconductor compounds compared with those of powder materials, films were made of 4 powders of ZnS, CdS, CdSe, and CdTe(Aldrich), each with 99.99 % purity. For the ZnS/CdS multi-layers, the ZnS layer was coated over the CdS layer on an $AlO_x$ membrane, which served as a protective layer within a vacuum at the average speed of 1 ${\AA}$/sec. After studying the structures of the group II-VI semiconductor thin films by using X-ray spectroscopy, we found that the ZnS, ZnS/CdS, CdS, and CdSe films were hexagonal and exhibited some degree of preferred orientation. Also, the particles of the thin films of II-VI semiconductor compounds proved to be more homogeneous in size compared to those of the powder materials. These results were further verified through scanning electron microscopy(SEM), EDX analysis, and powder and thin film X-ray diffraction.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.15-26
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• 2003

In this study of children's story comprehension, 157 first grade students were randomly selected from 2 elementary schools. Based on their test scores on standardized reading comprehension test, 36 children in the upper and in the lower 25th percentiles were assigned to either a high or a low reading group. Children of both groups read the same story presented either by CD-ROM or by printed-book. Story comprehension was measured by retelling the story and by questions on comprehension. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. Results showed significantly higher comprehension scores in CD-Rom compared with the printed-book group. The difference in comprehension scores between the CD-ROM and the printed-book groups was greater than in the low reading group compared with the high reading group.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.159-171
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• 2003

Objective: To study on the anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of Herbal-acupuncture with Asparagus cochinchinensis infusion solution. Methods: we put into Chung-wan(CV12) and Kwanwon(CV4) of C57bl/6 which are corresponding to human body with Asparagus coc hinchinensis infusion solution. We observed the effect on the expres sion of MMP-9. the expression of cytokine gene, number of pulmon ary colony, histological analysis on tissue metastasis of lung and liver. the expression of cytokine gene on PBMC. the number of $CD3e^+/CD4^+$. $CD3e^+/CD8^+$, $NK^+$ cell. Results: The results were obtained as follows I) The effect on expression of MMP-9. the expression of cytokine gen e was inhibited significantly in all the sample groups. compared with control group. 2) In pulmonary colony, sample groups were decreased significantly, compared with control group. especially, the group put into Chung-wan(CV12) was decreased significantly. 3) Histological analysis of sample groups inhibited significantly in all th e sample groups compared with that control groups in both of lung and liver. especially, the group put into Chung-wan(CV12) was inhibited significantly. 4) The effect on cytokine gene expression on PBMC of all the sample groups were increased significantly, compared with control group. 5) In flow cytometry, $CD3e^+/CD4^+$ $CD3e^+/CD8^+$, $NK^+$ cell in sample groups were increased compared with control group.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the impact of previous delivery mode on pregnancy outcomes in patients with secondary infertility after frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Methods: This prospective observational study included 140 patients experiencing secondary infertility. Of these, 70 patients had a previous cesarean delivery (CD), while the remaining 70 patients had a previous normal vaginal delivery (NVD). The primary outcome was the implantation rate. The secondary outcomes included rates of clinical pregnancy, chemical pregnancy, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy. Results: The comparison of all fertility outcomes between the two groups revealed no statistically significant differences. The implantation rate was 40.4% in the CD group and 41.7% in the NVD group (p=0.842). The clinical pregnancy rate was 50% in the CD group and 49.3% in the NVD group (p=0.932), while the chemical pregnancy rate was 14.6% in the CD group and 19% in the NVD group (p=0.591). The miscarriage rates in the CD and NVD groups were 20% and 17.6%, respectively (p=0.803). One case of tubal ectopic pregnancy occurred in the NVD group (1.4%). Conclusion: The mode of prior delivery did not significantly impact pregnancy outcomes following frozen-thawed embryo transfer.