• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2006

Upo wetland is the largest inland wetland in Korea as Ramsar Convention Area. The purposes of the study were to investigate the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the sediment and Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata from three sites of the wetland and to assess the potential of the gastropod as a bioindicator for heavy metal levels. The gastropods were dissected into shell and soft tissue without the digestive and excretive organs. The levels of Cd, Cu and Pb were below the guideline of Soil Environment Conservation Act and the heavy metals except Cr were slightly different among the sites. Cd was higher in Upo site ($0.32{\mu}g/g$) than Sajipo site ($0.28{\mu}g/g$). Cu and Zn showed the highest value in Sajipo as $43.5{\mu}g/g\;and\;39.8{\mu}g/g$, respectively while the concentrations of Pb and Zn were the highest in Upstream as $58.8{\mu}g/g\;and\;138{\mu}g/g$, respectively. In the soft tissues and shells of the gastropod, the overall common trend in the concentrations of the heavy metals was revealed with the following order: Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd and Ni > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd, respectively. Although the soft tissues exhibited higher concentrations of the heavy metals except Ni than the shell in the gastropod, the levels of Cd and Pb in the gastropod were generally below the restrictive values set up by Korea Food & Drug Administration. From Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) results, the concentrations of Pb and Zn in the sediments among the sites were reflected on the soft tissue (Pb) and the shell (Pb and Zn) of the gastropod in the same order. The lower value of coefficient of variation (CV) in Pb concentration of the shell than in that of the soft tissue supports the usefulness of the shell as a bioindicator for Pb pollution. Although the CV value in the shell was a little higher than in the soft tissue, DMRT results and the stability of incorporated Zn into the shell support the use of the shell of the gastropod as a potential bioindicator for long-term contamination of Zn.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.201-213
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• 2002

대도시화와 산업화에 따른 중금속 오염으로 많은 환경오염을 일으키고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn와 같은 중금속 원소들의 분산과 산출상태를 규명하기 위해 광주광역시의 도로변에서 분진을 채취하여 분석하였다. 분진중의 pH를 측정하였으며 0.1N HCI에 의한 용출실험으로 Cd, Cu, Fe, MN, Pb 및 Zn 함량을 AAS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 광주시의 도로변 분진의 pH는 5.60-7.09범위로 약산성 내지는 거의 중성에 가깝게 나타났으며, 0.IN HCI을 이용한 부분분해 방법으로 분석한 결과는 일부 지역을 제외하고는 오염도가 높다고 판단하기는 어려움이 있지만 Cd와 Cu는 서구지역 특히 광천터미널에서 멀지 않은 지역에서 약간 높은 수치를 보여주며, Mn과 Pb는 북구와 남구에서 약간 높은 수치를 보였으며 Zn는 평균 150.09ppm으로 오염이 상당히 진행되고 있었다. P.I.는 전 지역이 1이하로 우려할 상황 은 아니다. 본 연구와 같은 분석방법을 이용한 다른 지역과 비교해 볼 때, Cd 와 Zn의 오염이 상당히 진행되고 있음을 확인했다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.453-464
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 FSM 축과 코스레 맹그로브 퇴적물 내 7개 중금속(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd 및 Pb)의 오염도를 평가하였다. 맹그로브 퇴적물 내 중금속의 평균농도는 Cr 642 ${\mu}g/g$, Ni 125 ${\mu}g/g$, Cu 46.9 ${\mu}g/g$, Zn 149 ${\mu}g/g$, As 15.6 ${\mu}g/g$, Cd 0.14 ${\mu}g/g$ 및 Pb 8.55 ${\mu}g/g$으로 Cr의 농도가 가장 높았으며 Cd이 가장 낮은 농도로 존재하고 있었다. 축과 코스레 지역을 비교하면 코스레 맹그로브 퇴적물은 Cr과 Ni의 농도가 축에 비해 높았으며, 나머지 원소인 Cu, Zn, As, Cd 및 Pb는 축 맹그로브 퇴적물에서의 농도가 코스레에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 세계의 맹그로브 지역의 퇴적물 내 중금속의 농도와 비교한 축과 코스레 지역에서 채취한 맹그로브 퇴적물 Cr, Ni 및 As의 농도는 인간활동에 의한 인위적인 오염이 존재하는 다른 지역보다 높은 수준으로 나타났으며, Cu, Zn, Cd 및 Pb은 오염되지 않은 지역과 유사한 농도를 나타내었다. EF와 PLI를 이용하여 농축도(오염도) 평가결과에 의하면, As의 농축도는 높으나 나머지 원소는 오히려 배경농도에 비해 결핍된 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.787-798
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 폐광산지역에서 발생되는 폐기물인 광미를 대상으로 토양세척공정을 이용하여 다양한 세척용매와 농도, 그리고 추출시간에 따른 중금속의 추출특성을 파악하였다. 세척용매로는 물, HCl(0.1, 0.3, 1.0 N), EDTA(0.01, 0.05, 0.1 M), SDS(0.1, 0.5, 1.0%)를 이용하였다. 그 결과, 물과 SDS 용매에서 Zn과 Cd이 Pb과 Cu보다 높은 추출효율을 보였지만, 전체적으로는 1%이하로 중금속의 추출에 효과적이지 못하였다. 그러나, SDS에서 Pb과 Cu의 추출효율은 추출시간이 길어질수록 증가하였다. HCl과 EDTA를 이용한 중금속의 추출은 물과 SDS보다 빠른 추출경향을 보였고, 대부분의 중금속이 6시간 이내에 추출되었으며 용매의 농도와 무관하였다. 6시간 이후에는 느린 추출경향을 보였지만 세척용매의 농도에 따라 좌우되었다. 또한, 용매의 농도가 증가할수록 추출경향은 빨라졌고, 추출 효율도 증가하였다. 추출효율은 1.0 N HCl에서 Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu로, 0.1M EDTA에서 Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu 순으로 높았다. 농도증가에 따른 추출효과는 HCl에서 Pb이, EDTA에서 Pb과 Cd이 가장 컸으며, 중금속제거를 위한 6시간이상의 추출은 비효과적이었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.142-150
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• 1994

수질오염에 따른 Cd 및 Zn의 함량변화 차이를 구명하기 위하여 도시하수 및 공단배출수의 영향을 받는 만경강 유역의 논토양을 중심으로 1982년도와 1990년도에 표토와 심토로 구분하여 채취한 토양시료를 그리고 1990년도의 토양시료 채취지역에서 재배된 수도체 시료중 Cd 및 Zn 함량을 분석하여 그 변화를 분석하였다. 만경강 유역의 토양 중 이들 중금속 분포는 Cd이 0.38-1.17, Zn이 33.8-464.6mg $kg^-$이었다. 년도별 함량변화에서 Cd 함량은 1990년도 토양이 1982년도 보다 낮았고, Zn 함량은 반대로 1982년도 토양이 1990년도 토양 보다 낮았다. Cd의 경우 도시하수 및 공장폐수 배출지로부터 거리별 변화가 분명하지 않았으나, 토양의 유기물함량, 유효규산, CEC, 치환성 $Ca^{++}$ 함량과 유의성 있는 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한 이 지역의 토양 중 Cd 함량은 1982년도 심토 중 Cd 함량은 토양 중 Zn, Cu 및 Pb 함량과 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다. Zn의 경우는 거리가 멀 수록 그 함량이 낮아지는 경항이 있었으며, 1982년도 토양 중에서 유기물 함량과 치환성 $Ca^{++}$ 함량과, 그리고 년도에 관계없이 토양 중 Cu와 Pb 함량과 유의성있는 상관관계를 나타내었다. 한편 이 지역의 수도체 부위별 Cd 함량은 현미중 농도에 비해 엽신 중의 농도가 최고 7배 이상이 되었고, Zn의 경우는 엽신과 화서축 중에서 흡수축적량이 높았으며, 토양 중 Zn, Cu, Pb의 존재는 수도체의 화서축 중의 Cd 함량과 또 수도체의 모든 부위별 Zn 함량과 유의성 있는 상관관계를 나타내었다. 만경강유역의 현미 중 Cd의 함량은 0.10-0.90mg $kg^{-1}$이었고, Zn의 함량은 4.2-95.9mg $kg^{-1}$ 범위였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 1986

In order to determine the content levels of trace metals in cow's milk, 79 market milk samples were collected from markets in major cities of Korea from July to August, 1985 and analyzed for content levels of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd. The Results were as follows Cu, average 43.5 $\mu$g/l range 14 ~ 172.7 $\mu$g/l Fe, average 398.4 $\mu$g/l range 35 ~ 1,873 $\mu$g/l Zn, average 2.917 mg/l range 1.233 ~ 7.46 mg/l Mn, average 26.74 $\mu$g/l range 7.6 ~ 102 $\mu$g/l Pb, average 33.9 $\mu$g/l range N.D. ~ 105 $\mu$g/l Cd, average 1.73 $\mu$g/l range N.D. ~ 5.4 $\mu$g/l

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.717-723
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• 1998

The concentrations and wet deposition flux into the sea of heavy metals of precipitation in Pusan area were measured and estimated. The samples were collected by polyethylene bottle(30ι) from January to November in 1996, and heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer. The concentration order of heavy metals was Al ＞Fe ＞Zn ＞Pb ＞Mn ＞Cu ＞Ni ＞Cd ＞Co, and they were high at inland sites and low at coastal sites. The enrichment factors for some metals(Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd), based on crustal Al, were significantly greater than unity, and the order was Cd ＞ Pb ＞ Zn ＞ Cu. This evidence suggests Cd and Pb are derived predominantly from non-crustal sources. Al, Fe and Mn contents showed good correlation with each other. Therefore this enrichment factor indicates similar geochemical behavior of these elements. The annual wet depositional flux(mg/ $m^2$ /yr) from Pl site was as follows: Al(121.1). Fe,(177.2), Zn(12.9), Mn(6.19), Pb(14.4), Cu(0.64), Ni(1.03), Cd(1.02) and Co(1.01).

• 자원환경지질
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 1999

The possibility of heavy metal pollution by contaminated roadside soils was studied under controlled conditions. The soil samples from roadside and those from a retention pond consisting of settling particles were characterized by the XRD analyses and the sequential extraction experiments. Characterization by sequential extraction, for roadside soil indicates elevate total concentrations of heavy metals. The leaching behavior of the samples under different pH and time conditions were also studied. Differences between both types of samples result mainly from the buffering effect of carbonates, present in roadside soils and lacking from settling particles. Acid leaching of the settling particles is equivalent to the sum of FI+FII+FIII, while the amounts leached from roadside soil are lower probably from kinetic reasons. The buffering effects of carbonates were found to greatly delay the onset of the leaching reactions and the extent of dissolution in most metals except for Ca and Mn. The study of leaching kinetics at pH of 6.5 and 5 showed that Cd and Zn reached the maximum possible concentration within 3 days, while Pb did not show any sign of dissolution at both ph values. The absolute amounts of dissolved Cd and Zn increased by 7 to 9 times by decreasing the pH from 6.5 to 5, indicating slightly acidified rain may result in significant metal dissolution. As deduced from both sequential extraction and leaching experiments, the relative mobility of heavy metals is found to be : Mn=Cd>Zn>>Pb>Fe, in spite of large differences in heavy metal contents and localizations.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2002

This research is compared and analyzed variations of the heavy metal contents in human hairs according to treating permanent wave manipulation before and after and permanent wave agents. This is the survey of women's hairs in 19 years old. On the basis of this we would like to analyze a extend of exposing of heavy metal scientifically. Also, we would to show a basic data for the permitted limits of heavy metal to keep the healthy hair The conclusion is as follows.; Mean contents of heavy metal in hairs is 2.11 ppm (Pb), 0.25 ppm (Cd), 2.62 ppm (Ni), 256 ppm (Zn), 8.45 ppm (Cu). In reducing agents (processing lotions) of perm, 1.50 ppm (Pb), 0.03 ppm (Cd), 0.05 ppm (Ni), 15.45 ppm (Zn), 0.86 ppm (Cu) in a perm (S), 2.30 ppm (Pb), 0.05 ppm (Cd), 0.05 ppm (Ni), 13.05 ppm (Zn), 0.65 ppm (Cu) in a perm (T). In oxidizing agents (neutralizer) of perm, 1.40 ppm (Pb), 0.03 ppm (Cd), 0.09 ppm (Ni), 9.05 ppm (Zn), 0.65 ppm (Cu) in a perm (S), 1.50 ppm (Pb), 0.02 ppm (Cd), 0.16 ppm (Ni), 8.00 ppm (Zn), 0.85 ppm (Cu) in a perm (T). Mean contents of lead(Pb) didn't show significant differences according to treating cysteine perm agents, showed it according to 3 treating thioglycolic acid perm agents (p<0.05). Mean contents of cadmium(Cd) showed significant differences (p<0.001) according to 2 treating both perm agents. Mean contents of nickel (Ni) showed neither. Mean contents of zinc (Zn) showed significant differences according to 2 treating cysteine perm agents (p<0.001) and 1 treating thioglycolic acid perm agents (p<0.01). Mean contents of copper (Cu) didn't show significant differences according to treating cysteine perm agents, showed it according to 1 treating thioglycolic acid perm agents (p<0.001).

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.305-313
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• 1996

In order to investigate the extent and degree of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contamination affected by mining activities of the Dalsung Cu~W mine, sampling of stream sediments and waters has been undertaken up to 1.5 km downstream from the mine at 50~150 meter intervals. Analysis of the samples was carried out using ICP-AES for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Physical and chemical properties of sediments (pH, organic matter contents, cation exchange capacity) and waters (pH, Eh and temperature) were also measured. The properties of the sediment samples were characterized by low pH (3.0~5.5), low organic matter contents (2~5%) and a moderate degree of cation exchange capacity (7~15 meq/100 g) with a high proportion of sand fraction. The pH values of water samples ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 and the Eh levels were in the range of 350~530 mV. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediments averaged 3.2 mg/kg, 1,390 mg/kg, 451 mg/kg and 262 mg/kg with the range of 0.6~11.4 mg/kg, 15~3,800 mg/kg, 14~1,330 mg/kg and 63~1,060 mg/kg, respectively. Significant levels of the heavy metals were also found in the water samples with the range of $10{\sim}170{\mu}gCd/l$, $300{\sim}41,600{\mu}gCu/l$, $10{\sim}80{\mu}gPb/l$ and $700{\sim}15,400{\mu}gZn/l$. These elevated concentrations in the sediments and waters may be caused by the weathering of mine waste materials and their high solubilities under acidic and/or oxidizing conditions. Although metal concentrations in the samples decrease with the distance from the mine, heavy metal contamination of sediments and waters were also found at the 1.5 km downstream due to the mobile conditions of the heavy metals, with particular reference to Cd and Zn in stream waters.