• 한국항해학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2000

The collisions at sea among marine casualties are not reduced as the tonnage and speed of ship's increase as well as the traffic quantity increase at sea, in spite of the improvement of nautical equipment, enforcement of crew's education and training as well as improvement of quality standard according to the implementation of ISM code. The measures to prevent the collisions at sea are simple, and are composed of six stage.: The first stage is that the officer on duty detect the target from his eye or radar information. The second stage is determining the type and kind of target-ship. The third stage is target tracking; calculation of target speed, course, CPA and TCPA from radar information or visual check. The fourth stage is determination of vessel in danger after calculation of third stage. The fifth stage is the judgement of situation if own ship is stand-on or give way vessel according to the 1972 COLREG. The last stage is to carry out proper action according to 1972 COLREG, under the circumstances. But by the case, the situations are so different under the different external conditions; for example, natural/navigational conditions, crew's human factors, ship's particular, rule or regulation, management system on board, the condition of watch keeping. Therefore the reasons and casualties are so complicated. This study aims to investigate the collision casualty at sea which needs to clarity all these causal factors of afore-mentioned, and to analyze the causes of problems so as to utilize them to establish the measures of preventing marine accidents. This study, described the concepts of causal factors into three groups; environmental factor, and company/on board management system and navigator's act. Also described how to investigate and analyzes the casual factors. Even though it was described in this paper how to detect the causal factors and reasons of collisions, and how to analyze the inter-relation of each causal factors, it is necessary to do further study how to analyze between the liability of concerned parties and the casual factors involved.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

Sleep can be easily disrupted by variety of conditions. Most of medical illnesses could be a primary condition causing secondary insomnia. The common underlying mechanism of secondary insomnia is presumed to be stress effects on sleep. The assessment and treatment of secondary insomnia are often complicated. Establishing an causal inference between primary condition and insomnia is the key to assessment. However, it can be difficult even for experienced clinicians due to diagnostic ambiguity of secondary insomnia. Therefore, through medical evaluation and integrative understanding of primary condition is essential to manage secondary insomnia properly. Although treatment have been usually focused on the primary medical illnesses per se, nonpharmacologic interventions, such as sleep hygiene, might be effective in many cases.

• 식물병과 농업
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.64-66
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• 1999

Black leg occurred in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in Pyungchang, Kangwon-Do, Korea. The symptoms began as small water-soaked lesions on stem, and the affected stems discolored black to brown. It became yellow under dry condition. When lower parts of potato were affected in the field, wilting of leaves and desiccation of the stem were developed. The causal organism was isolated from lesions and identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica based on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica is the first described bacterium which causes black leg in potato in Korea.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of bereavement for main family members who had made and followed DNR decision for their family members. Method: This qualitative study was based on a grounded theory, and used in-depth interview techniques with the bereaved 10 main family members who had been treated and died under DNR order. Results: The causal condition of the family member was 'Releasing', and the main consequent phenomenon were 'Blaming self and ruminating'. The contextual condition was 'The memory of the deceased'. The action/reaction strategy was 'Purifying'. The intervening condition was 'Supporting system', and the consequence was 'Acceptance'. The experience after bereavement of the family member on DNR decision were rational processes that purified themselves and healed the guilt feeling about the decision from reflective assessment and response about DNR decision. Based on this results, the substantive theory 'Reflective self healing' was derived. Conclusion: The main family members in following DNR decision are more likely to have unhealthy emotional condition than others in normal bereavement process. But they overcame the grief of bereavement through reflective self healing process.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.812-825
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• 2015

This study explored various issues related to the quality-of-life for obese Korean men. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirty men over BMI 25 whose age ranged from 20's to 50's. Projective techniques along with semi-structured interviews were used. The results of interviews were analyzed based on grounded theory. "Stress" was the main phenomenon resulting from the causal conditions of obesity and stigma. Stress consisted of social, psychological, physical and environmental factors. Contextual conditions mediating the relationship between causal conditions and main phenomenon were obesity level, pressure, and public appearance. Avoidance, change of personal traits, and insensitivity were the action/reactions to the main phenomenon. Various factors due to obesity disappeared and quality-of-life increased when they succeed in weight reduction; however, factors related to obesity and lowered condition of quality-of-life continued if they experienced a weight gain/loss yo-yo.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2009

To identify relationship between the airborne concentrations of formaldehyde and the causal factors in the endoscope unit of hospitals, a total of 48 workers selected from 4 hospitals (3 university hospitals and 1 national hospital) were investigated. Airborne formaldehyde samples were collected using passive samplers and subsequently analyzed by HPLC according to the OSHA method 1007. The geometric mean(GM) of airborne formaldehyde concentrations was 0.056 ppm (range: 0.003~0.923 ppm). The rates of exceeding exposure limits of OSHA PEL-TWA and NIOSH REL-TWA were 4.2 % and 83.3%, respectively. The STEL GM concentration was 1.428 ppm(range: 0.103~14.773 ppm). Ventilation condition (p=0.001) and temperature (p=0.017) were statistically significant causal factors for the airborne exposure concentration of formaldehyde in the endoscope unit of hospitals. In conclusion, the workers in the endoscope unit of hospitals were highly exposed to formaldehyde, and adequate controls such as appropriate management of ventilation and temperature are recommended to reduce over exposure to formaldehyde.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.366-379
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify causal relationships among variables of transtheoretical model for exercise in the elderly A predictivel model explaining the stage of change was constructed based on a transtheoretical model. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected from 198 old adults over 60 years old in a community setting in Seoul, Korea in April and May,1999. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling (LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which predicts causal relationship of variables. The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was X2=132.85. (df=22, p=.000). GFI=.88, NNFI=.35, NFI=.77, AGFI=.59 which was not favorable but the fit of modified model to the data was X2=46.90. (df=27, p=.01).GFI= .95, NNFI=.91, NFI=.92, AGFI=.87) which was more than moderate. The predictable variables of stage of change for exercise of the Korean elderly were helping relationship, self cognitive determination, conversion of negative condition in process of change and efficacy for exercise. These variables explained 68% of stage of change for exercise of the Korean elderly.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.379-390
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the actual condition of the adolescent status delinquency and to predict that family environments, the mother's rear attitudes and personal factors influence on the adolescent status delinquency among high school students in Busan(N=404). Under these purposes of the study, the preliminary study was performed to divided the criminal delinquency from the status delinquency, and on the basis of the result of the preliminary study, the analysis of causal pathway were performed. The data were surveyed using paper and pencil self-rating. Descriptive statistics and pathway analyses were conducted to answer research objectives. The result of this study was as follows. First, the status delinquency and the criminal delinquency are different dimensions with each other independently. Second, Contents of the status delinquencies were Drinking, Smoking, Cheating examination, Stopping out, Reckless running, Gang fighting, Reading lewdness and Watching lewd video, Sexual intercourse with the other gender, etc., The criminal delinquencies were Robbing of bicycle or auto-bicycle, Taking nalcotic drug, Robbing money of drunkard and women, Rape, Setting on fire, etc. Third, The factors of structural environments of the family and the factors of mother's rear attitude influenced on the status delinquency via adolescence's compulsivity. that is to say, if the mother's rear attitude is affective, it restrains the impulsivity of adolescence causing to the restraint of the status delinquency.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2019

The maintenance of school building is pivotal issue. However, it is difficult to obtain basic analysis data for LCC(Lifecycle Cost) analysis and maintenance planning of school building. Therefore, this study proposed System Dynamics(SD) techniques to make maintenance decisions for school building. The interaction between the major parameters related to the aging of a building, maintenance activities, and cost were expressed in Causal Loop Diagram. Based on this, the formula for the relationship between causal maps was defined and converted to Stock and Flow Diagram. Through the completed SD model the 50-year plan of 214 educational building were tested by considered in account budget, maintainability, and budget allocation opinions. As a result, the integrated SD model demonstrated that it can support strategic decision making by identifying the status class and LCC behavior of school buildings by scenario. According to the scenario analysis, the rehabilitation action of preventive maintenance that primarily repairs the buildings in condition grade C showed the best performance improvement effect relative to the cost. Therefore, if the proposed SD model is expanded to consider the effects of other educational policies, the crucial performance improvement budget can be estimated in the long-term perspective.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.356-370
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: School food service has played an important role in promoting the health and physical condition of students by providing students with a balanced and nutritious diet. Therefore, boosting the quality of school food service and improving the students' satisfaction is critical. For this purpose, this study examined the structural causal relationship among the quality of school food service factors, emotional responses, and satisfaction in China. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study was conducted with 4th-6th-grade students from 6 junior high schools in Henan province of China, with 590 questionnaire responses (87.3%) collected and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The school food service quality factors (including menu management, dietary education, facilities management, price and food distribution management, and personal hygiene during meals) must be enhanced to boost the students' satisfaction. In addition, the study used questionnaire survey data to validate the full mediation of students' emotional responses between school food service quality factors and student satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Students' emotions also play an important role in influencing the quality of school food service, all of which affect the emotional responses of students. Therefore, students' positive emotions are an important indicator for improving the quality of school food service. A national support policy is necessary for the ongoing maintenance and development of various programs that drive students' satisfaction and promote the adoption of education guidelines for school food service in China.