• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.88.01-88.14
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• 2022

Background: The olfactory mucosa (OM) is crucial for odorant perception in the main olfactory system. The terminal carbohydrates of glycoconjugates influence chemoreception in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Objectives: The histological characteristics and glycoconjugate composition of the OM of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo, Bos taurus coreae) were examined to characterize their morphology and possible functions during postnatal development. Methods: The OM of neonate and adult Korean native cattle was evaluated using histological, immunohistochemical, and lectin histochemical methods. Results: Histologically, the OM in both neonates and adults consists of the olfactory epithelium and the lamina propria. Additionally, using periodic acid Schiff and Alcian blue (pH 2.5), the mucus specificity of the Bowman's gland duct and acini in the lamina propria was determined. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons of OEs express the olfactory marker protein and growth associated protein-43, respectively. Lectin histochemistry indicated that numerous glycoconjugates, including as N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, complex type N-glycan, and fucose groups, were expressed at varied levels in the different cell types in the OMs of neonates and adults at varying levels. According to our observations, the cattle possessed a well-developed olfactory system, and the expression patterns of glycoconjugates in neonatal and adult OMs varied considerably. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the morphological assessment of the OM of Korean native cattle with a focus on lectin histochemistry. The findings suggest that glycoconjugates may play a role in olfactory chemoreception, and that their labeling properties may be closely related to OM development and maturity.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1519-1530
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• 2020

As livestock farms grow in size, the number of breeding individuals increases, making it difficult to manage livestock. Livestock farms require an integrated management system such as a monitoring system, an access control system, and an abnormal behavior detection system to manage livestock houses. In this paper, a smart korean cattle livestock management system using IoT and AI technology was proposed for livestock management in livestock farms. The smart korean cattle farm management system consists of a monitoring and control system, a vehicle access management system, and an abnormal cattle behavior detection system. It is expected that this will help manage large-scale livestock houses, and additional research is needed to improve the performance of abnormal behavior detection in the future.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.2148-2161
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• 2019

In this paper, we present a real-time cattle action recognition algorithm to detect the estrus phase of cattle from a live video stream. In order to classify cattle movement, specifically, to detect the mounting action, the most observable sign of the estrus phase, a simple yet effective feature description exploiting motion history images (MHI) is designed. By learning the proposed features using the support vector machine framework, various representative cattle actions, such as mounting, walking, tail wagging, and foot stamping, can be recognized robustly in complex scenes. Thanks to low complexity of the proposed action recognition algorithm, multiple cattle in three enclosures can be monitored simultaneously using a single fisheye camera. Through extensive experiments with real video streams, we confirmed that the proposed algorithm outperforms a conventional human action recognition algorithm by 18% in terms of recognition accuracy even with much smaller dimensional feature description.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.748-758
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the change in activity and mounting behavior in Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) during the peri-estrus period and its application to estrus detection. A total of 20 Hanwoo cows were fitted with a neck-collar accelerometer device, which measured the location and acceleration of cow movements and recorded the number of instances of mounting behavior by the altitude data. The data were analyzed in three periods (24-, 6-, and 2-h periods). Blood samples were collected for 5 days after the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) injection, and the concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Activity and mounting behavior recorded over 2-h periods significantly increased as estrus approached and were more efficient at detecting estrus than over 24- and 6-h periods (p < 0.05). Endocrine patterns did not differ with the variation of individual cows during the peri-estrus period (p > 0.05). Activity was selected as the best predictor through stepwise discriminant analysis. However, activity alone is not enough to detect estrus. We suggest that a combination of activity and mounting behavior may improve estrus detection efficiency in Hanwoo. Further research is necessary to validate the findings on a larger sample size.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.84-92
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• 2022

Precision livestock monitoring promises greater management efficiency for farmers and higher welfare standards for animals. Recent studies on video-based animal activity recognition and tracking have shown promising solutions for understanding animal behavior. To achieve that, surveillance cameras are installed diagonally above the barn in a typical cattle farm setup to monitor animals constantly. Under these circumstances, tracking individuals requires addressing challenges such as occlusion and visual appearance, which are the main reasons for track breakage and increased misidentification of animals. This paper presents a framework for multi-cattle tracking in closed barns with appearance and motion models. To overcome the above challenges, we modify the DeepSORT algorithm to achieve higher tracking accuracy by three contributions. First, we reduce the weight of appearance information. Second, we use an Ensemble Kalman Filter to predict the random motion information of cattle. Third, we propose a supplementary matching algorithm that compares the absolute cattle position in the barn to reassign lost tracks. The main idea of the matching algorithm assumes that the number of cattle is fixed in the barn, so the edge of the barn is where new trajectories are most likely to emerge. Experimental results are performed on our dataset collected on two cattle farms. Our algorithm achieves 70.37%, 77.39%, and 81.74% performance on HOTA, AssA, and IDF1, representing an improvement of 1.53%, 4.17%, and 0.96%, respectively, compared to the original method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1209-1215
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• 2001

We conducted this study to investigate 24 h leptin profiles and to ascertain whether leptin secretion occurs in a pulsatile manner in cattle. Plasma leptin concentrations were measured every 10 min for 24 h in five Holstein steers aged 10 months. Simultaneously, feeding behavior was recorded every 5 min during this experiment. In two of the five cattle, leptin showed diurnal rhythmicity, which could be described by a cosine, with peaks between 15:00 and 16:00 and nadirs at around midnight. Pulsatile leptin release was quantified by model-free Cluster analysis. Plasma leptin showed a pulsatile pattern in all cattle, with an average number of pulses at 15 peaks/24 h. The daily number of pulses was not related to total time spent eating, ruminating or chewing. However, when divided into six 4 h time intervals, time spent ruminating was positively related with pulse number (p=0.05) in cattle showing no diurnal plasma leptin variation. These results suggest that cattle may have unique diurnal variation and pulsatile patterns of plasma leptin, differing from those of monogastric animals.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1309-1316
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• 2018

Cattle estrus detection system based on Internet of Things is designed and implemented by using Arduino pro-mini, gyroscope, acceleration sensor, bluetooth master and slave module. The implemented system measures cattle's moving and the measured data are transmitted to the computer connected to RX module by bluetooth TX module. They are plotted in 2-dimensional graph on the computer monitor and the number of transition at each sensor axis are calculated from the graph. The detected and gathered data from the system are analyzed by the proposed algorithm to decide which cows are in the estrus or not. The method to apply bluetooth scatternet is shown and the proposed system can be used to increase the success rate of artificial insemination in normal estrus by detecting the cow's behaviors such as the number of jumping. In this paper, the implemented cattle behavior detecting the system(TX module) are strapped on cattle's leg and it measures the cattle behaviors for determining where that a cattle is estrus or not by the proposed algorithm.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.499-505
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic behavior of a population of Holstein cattle in response to the variation of environmental temperature by analyzing the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) through reaction norms for the somatic cell score (SCS). Methods: Data was collected for 67,206 primiparous cows from the database of the Paraná Holstein Breeders Association in Brazil, with the aim of evaluating the temperature effect, considered as an environmental variable, distinguished under six gradients, with the variation range found being 17℃ to 19.5℃, over the region. A reaction norm model was adopted utilizing the fourth order under the Legendre polynomials, using the mixed models of analysis by the restricted maximum likelihood method by the WOMBAT software. Additionally, the genetic behavior of the 15 most representative bulls was assessed, in response to the changes in the temperature gradient. Results: A mean score of 2.66 and a heritability variation from 0.17 to 0.23 was found in the regional temperature increase. The correlation between the environmental gradients proved to be higher than 0.80. Distinctive genetic behaviors were observed according to the increase in regional temperature, with an observed increase of up to 0.258 in the breeding values of some animals, as well as a reduction in the breeding of up to 0.793, with occasional reclassifications being observed as the temperature increased. Conclusion: Non-relevant GEI for SCS were observed in Holstein cattle herds of southern Brazil. Thus, the inclusion of the temperature effect in the model of genetic evaluation of SCS for the southern Brazilian Holstein breed is not required.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between various estrous behavior and ovulation time, and to determine which estrous behavior could predict ovulation time more accurately. In total, 37 ovulations and 28 estrous detection were observed in 51 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Various estrous behavior were observed during 72 h from two days after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection and their relation with the time of ovulation (ultrasound examinations at 4-h intervals) was investigated. In estrous periods, the rate of sniffing, chin resting, mounting, standing heat was 81%, 78%, 78% and 56%, respectively. Ovulation occurred $25.6{\pm}7.9h$ after onset of estrus (ranging between 7 and 37h) and $13.4{\pm}7.1h$ after end of estrus (ranging between 1 and 28h). Interval between onset of estrus and ovulation time was significantly (p<0.05) shorter for standing heat $(17.33{\pm}5.83h)$ than for mounting, sniffing and chin resting $(23.58{\pm}5.12h,\;24.25{\pm}6.09h,\;23.42{\pm}6.04h)$. In 88% of the animals that displayed mounting, ovulation occurred between $16{\sim}28h$ after onset of mounting. Onset of standing heat, sniffing and chin resting occurred between $10{\sim}22(81%)h,\;16{\sim}28(79%)h\;and\; 19{\sim}31(79%)h$ before ovulation respectively. Sniffing and chin resting were displayed during the non-estrous period and are therefore, not useful predictors of ovulation time. The standing heat and mounting can be a good predictor for time of ovulation but the disadvantage of using standing heat is that only a limited number of cows display standing heat. Thus, it is concluded that mounting behavior could be the best predictor for time of ovulation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 2016

The animal welfare issues in cattle breeding include breeding environment, elimination, and castration. Among these, castration is unavoidable because it decreases cattle aggressiveness, improves meat quality, and enhances feed efficiency. In this study, the degree of stress associated with various methods of castration treatment was investigated for animal welfare in Hanwoo breeding. Cortisol levels dramatically increased right after castration in both the SoF and SoV groups. However, the increase in the SoF group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the SoV group, and the range of decrease was also smaller. Among the behavioral characteristics, standing was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the SoV ($374.93{\pm}21.51$) and SoF ($379.93{\pm}21.30$) groups based on the behavioral time (min/12 hours) compared to that in the NC group ($359.37{\pm}19.69$). The SoF and SoV groups did not show any significant (P<0.05) difference. In terms of behavioral frequency, the NC group demonstrated a significantly (P<0.05) high frequency of drinking, self-grooming, scratching, and rubbing, and a significantly (P<0.05) less frequency of fighting behavior. The feeding time significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the SoV and SoF groups, and their frequencies of pairwise grooming were significantly (P<0.05) less. Based on the results, the cattle experienced less stress during castration by a veterinarian than during treatment using a move-stop.