• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.3 s.42
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• pp.295-309
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of jaw growth in a growing rabbits, when they are subjected to refractive force and after removal of refractive force. The experimental animals were Oryctolagus couniculus, male rabbits of 4 weeks of age. The mandible is retracted with 200gm in force of each side to the posterior and superior direction for 14 hours a day. Then rabbits were used as control group. First experimental group received refractive force for 4 weeks. Second experimental group received for 8 weeks. Third experimental group received for 12 weeks. True lateral films and dorso-ventral films were taken before wearing appliances, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks after wearing appliance. The changes of rabbits jaw growth were observed radiographically. The findings were as follows : 1. Mandibular refractive force decreased total mandibular length, mandibular condylar length and angular length. 2. Mandibular refractive force increased nasal height, condylar width and angular width. 3. Mandibular refractive force decreased mandibular lenght growth but increased mandibular width growth. 4. There is no phenomena of catch-up growth after refractive force removal.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

CATCH 22 syndrome is a one of the most common chromosome microdeletion syndrome with multiple organ anomalies in humans, with an incidence of approximately 1:4,000 to 1:5,000 live births. It is caused by a microdeletion of 1.5 to 3.0 megabases on the long arm of chromosome 22. The phenotypic spectrum of this disorder is wide and various. A 19-year-old patient who showed delayed growth and development (Height; 110 cm, Weight; 18 kg) was referred to our department for the treatment of dental cavities. She was diagnosed as CATCH 22 syndrome in 2004. Physical examination revealed hypertelorism, a short philtrum, thick reflected lips and a small mouth. She underwent cleft palate surgery at 1 year of age and heart valve surgery due to the cardiovascular abnormality at 13 years of age. Convulsive seizures had persisted until 5 years ago but are well controlled at present. Oral examination showed poor oral hygiene, crowding, prolonged retention on #65, 75 and dental cavities on #16, 21, 65, 26, 36, and 46. Cavity treatment and prophylaxis were performed under general anesthesia. Also continuous follow-up checks have been carrying out with the periodic prophylaxis and dental home education. Problems with numerous cavities and gingivitis which can lead to specific risks are common for CATCH 22 syndrome patients. It is therefore of great importance that these patients are referred to foremost physician and dental specialist for the oral care. In addition, preventive treatment targeting the risk of dental cavities and gingivitis is especially important and, as the syndrome involves many different medical problems, the dental treatment should be carried out in collaboration with the patient's physician.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.21 no.4_spc
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• pp.485-499
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• 2014

Sharing Economy is the modern main item with ICT Development. Of course sharing economic item is the old and long run mainstream, but by the ICT technological development sharing economy is the fostering and affluent factors in the world economic growth. Though, in Korea, till now sharing economy is minimal, that will growth sharply. We can track various business models of sharing economy. Sharing economy is to buy use right not ownership. With the sharing economic business model wee can make also financial sharing model. In finance model we can divide two kind models. First, we can trace small size lending model with p2p type. And second, we can make financial information transaction model. But till now sharing economic system is not activated, because of many reasons. To activate, first we have to set law and various standards, and also government actively support many sharing economy firms and institutions. To catch up developed countries in the field of sharing economy we have to make aggressive and flexible rules and standards.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2009

Some pediatric patients who can not eat orally depend on enteral tube feedings, and some patients require more nutrients and calories to achieve the catch-up growth. If a patient is counting on the parenteral nutrition, early initiation of enteral feeding, orally or enterally, is a very good for the intestinal mucosal maturity and motility. There are numerous kinds of formulas and supplements for the enteral feeding for neonates, infants, and children. Depending on the intestinal symptoms, allergic symptoms, requirement of special nutrients, we can choose regular infant formula (milk-based, soy-based), protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid hydrolysate formula, elemental formula. Proper use of these formulas would help for the pediatric patients to recover from their diseases, to facilitate the intestinal mucosal maturity and to achieve their goal of growth.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.317-327
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify small for gestational age (SGA) infants' growth patterns, nutritional status, and associated factors. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at primary-care child health clinics in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The sample consisted of infants who fulfilled the criteria and were born in 2019. The anthropometric data of infants were assessed at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results: A total of 328 infants were analysed. In total, 27.7%(n=91) of the subjects were SGA infants, and 237 of them were not. Significant differences in the median weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores were observed between SGA and non-SGA infants at birth, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. There was a significant difference between the growth patterns of SGA and non-SGA infants. Birth weight and sex significantly predicted the nutritional status(stunting and underweight) of SGA infants during their first year of life. Conclusion: SGA infants can catch up to achieve normal growth during their first year of life. Even though the nutritional status of SGA infants trends worse than non-SGA infants, adequate infant birth weight monitoring and an emphasis on nutritional advice are crucial for maintaining well-being.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2021

Microdeletions of chromosome 22q11.2 are one of the most common microdeletions occurring in humans, and is known to be associated with a wide range of highly variable features. These deletions occur within a cluster of low copy repeats (LCRs) in 22q11.2, referred to as LCR22 A-H. DiGeorge (DGS)/velocardiofacial syndrome is the most prevalent form of a 22q11.2 deletions, caused by mainly proximal deletions between LCR22 A and D. As deletions of distal portion to the DGS deleted regions has been extensively studied, the recurrent distal 22q11.2 microdeletions distinct from DGS has been suggested as several clinical entities according to the various in size and position of the deletions on LCRs. We report a case of long-term follow-up of a female diagnosed with a 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome, identified a deletion of 1.9 Mb at 22q11.21q11.23 (chr22: 21,798,906-23,653,963) using single nucleotide polymorphism array. This region was categorized as distal deletion type of 22q11.2, involving LCR22 D-F. She was born as a preterm, low birth weight to healthy non-consanguineous Korean parents. She showed developmental delay, growth retardation, dysmorphic facial features, and mild skeletal deformities. The patient underwent a growth hormone administration due to growth impairment without catch-up growth. While a height gain was noted, she had become overweight and was subsequently diagnosed with pre-diabetes. Our case could help broaden the genetic and clinical spectrum of 22q11.2 distal deletions.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to measure adiposity and to investigate related factors in preschoolers born prematurely. Methods: A longitudinal follow-up study was conducted with 52 preschoolers at 5 years of corrected age among 343 preterm infants. Their adiposity status was evaluated based on measurements of body mass index, subscapular and triceps skin fold thickness (SFT), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and mid-arm circumference at a home visit. Results: The findings showed that SFT measurements, particularly at the triceps, reflected the degree of adiposity more accurately than other conventional measures. A shorter gestation, older maternal age, and the mother having more years of formal education were associated with higher levels of adiposity in the preschoolers. Conclusion: The adiposity of children born prematurely needs to be thoroughly monitored with additional SFT measurements, considering the risk of accelerated growth patterns overriding regular catch-up growth in children born prematurely.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.113-125
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• 1969

These experiments were designed to study the influence of early protein undernutrition on growth, behaviors toward food, general attitude toward a new environment, brain size and body composition of the experimental rats. The following experimental groups were studied. Lactation period (3 weeks) (Diets of mother rats) 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 12% Casein diet After-weaning protein deprivation period None deprivation (25% Casein diet) None deprivation (25% Casein diet) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) After a long period of rehabilitation with 25% casein diet the following results were obtained. 1. Growth rate during lactation period is closely related with the protein levels of the diet for mother rats. The average body weight of offsprings of the mother rat fed 25% casein diet is 46.0 grams at 21 days old. However, that of the mother rat fed 12% casein diet is only 25.0 grams. 2. The group of protein undernutrition during lactation (S weeks) (offsprings of mother rat fed low protein diet, 12% casein diet) could never catch up with the normal group in its growth even after twenty-four (24) weeks of rehabilitation. 3. However, the groups of protein undernutrition during either four (4) or even eight (8) weeks after weaning could catch up with the normal group in their growth after long period of rehabilitation. 4. The absolute amounts of carcass protein and fat of the normal group are larger than those of the protein deficient groups. In terms of percent carcass, however, the normal group showed higher body fat and lower body protein than the early deficient groups. However, there is no difference between preweaning (3 weeks) and postweaning (8 weeks) deficient groups. It is assumed, from these differences in body composition, that there might be any differences in physiological and metabolic functions among these various groups, and also that the basic formation of various metabolic regulators (protein-nature) might be fixed mostly during lactation and postweaning period. 5. The groups of protein undernutrition during either three (3) weeks lactation or four (4) weeks after weaning are not so remarkably different from the normal group in their amounts of food intake and spillage. However, the groups of undernutrition during either eight (8) weeks postweaning or eleven (11) weeks (3 weeks lactation period plus 8 weeks postweaning period) showed higher amounts of food intake and spillage. In these respects, it seems that desire for food is closely related with the degree of early hunger in protein and also seems that the longer be deficient in early life the more food spillage is found. 6. Both preweaning and postweaning deficient groups showed generally nervous and restless. The normal group is staid and showed less mobilities. 7. The average size of the brains of the group subjected to protein deficiency during three (3) weeks lactation period is smaller than that of the group of the eight (8) weeks postweaning deficiency. This means that the development of the brain is made mostly during lactation period. The group of the eleven (11) weeks postnatal deficiency is significantly different from the normal group in its brain development. It is assumed, in connection with the results of various maze tests reported, that the brain size is closely related with the intellectual ability.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-119
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• 2013

This paper presents numerical and experimental results on the use of guided waves for structural health monitoring (SHM) of crack growth during a fatigue test in a thick steel plate used for civil engineering application. Numerical simulation, analytical modeling, and experimental tests are used to prove that piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS) can perform active SHM using guided wave pitch-catch method and passive SHM using acoustic emission (AE). AE simulation was performed with the multi-physic FEM (MP-FEM) approach. The MP-FEM approach permits that the output variables to be expressed directly in electric terms while the two-ways electromechanical conversion is done internally in the MP-FEM formulation. The AE event was simulated as a pulse of defined duration and amplitude. The electrical signal measured at a PWAS receiver was simulated. Experimental tests were performed with PWAS transducers acting as passive receivers of AE signals. An AE source was simulated using 0.5-mm pencil lead breaks. The PWAS transducers were able to pick up AE signal with good strength. Subsequently, PWAS transducers and traditional AE transducer were applied to a 12.7-mm CT specimen subjected to accelerated fatigue testing. Active sensing in pitch catch mode on the CT specimen was applied between the PWAS transducers pairs. Damage indexes were calculated and correlated with actual crack growth. The paper finishes with conclusions and suggestions for further work.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.64-69
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• 2017

Purpose: The goal of nutritional support for very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants from birth to term is to match the in utero growth rates; however, this is rarely achieved. Methods: We evaluated postdischarge growth patterns and growth failure in 81 Korean VLBW infants through a retrospective study. Weight and height were measured and calculated based on age percentile distribution every 3 months until age 24 months. Growth failure was defined as weight and height below the 10th percentile at 24 months. For the subgroup analysis, small-for-gestational age (SGA) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants were evaluated. The growth patterns based on the Korean, World Health Organization (WHO), or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standard were serially compared over time. Results: At postconception age (PCA) 40 weeks, 47 (58%) and 45 infants (55%) showed growth failure in terms of weight and height, respectively. At PCA 24 months, 20 infants (24%) showed growth failure for weight and 14 (18%) for height. Growth failure rates were higher for the SGA infants than for the appropriate-weight-for-gestational age infants at PCA 24 months (P=0.045 for weight and P=0.038 for height). Growth failure rates were higher for the ELBW infants than for the non-ELBW infants at PCA 24 months (P<0.001 for weight and P=0.003 for height). Significant differences were found among the WHO, CDC, and Korean standards (P<0.001). Conclusion: Advancements in neonatal care have improved the catch-up growth of VLBW infants, but this is insufficient. Careful observation and aggressive interventions, especially in SGA and ELBW infants, are needed.