• Clean Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2000

Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds(benzene, toluene, xylene) over transition metals/ALO-6 catalysts was investigated in a fixed bed flow reactor system at atmospheric pressure. The orders of catalytic activities for the complete oxidation of toluene were Cu>Mn>Fe>V>Mo>Co>Ni>Zn for 15% transition metals/ALO-6 catalyst system. Increasing the calcination temperature resulted in decreasing the specific surface areas of catalyst, subsequently the catalytic activity. The loading of Cu on ALO-6 had a great effect on the catalytic activity and 5% Cu/ALO-6 catalyst showed higher catalytic activity, which may be contributed to the uniformly distributed active sites. Benzene, toluene and xylene were completely oxidized to carbon dioxide over 5% Cu/ALO-6 catalyst at over $380^{\circ}C$ and 4.5 g-cat.hr./g-mole. The orders of the kinds of reactants for catalytic activity over 5% Cu/ALO-6 were toluene>xylene>benzene. As the concentration of reactant increased, the catalytic activity decreased due to self-poison of reactant.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1543-1550
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• 2010

This work presents oxidation of formic acid on Bi-modified Pt nanoparticles of various sizes. The sizes of the studied Pt nanoparticles range from 1.5 to 5.6 nm (detailed in Rhee, C. K.; Kim, B.-J.; Ham, C.; Kim, Y.-J.; Song, K.; Kwon, K. Langmuir 2009, 25, 7140-7147), and the surfaces of the Pt nanoparticles are modified with irreversibly adsorbed Bi. The investigated coverages of Bi on the Pt nanoparticles are 0.12 and 0.25 as determined by coulometry of the oxidation of adsorbed hydrogen and Bi, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetric behavior of formic acid oxidation reveals that the adsorbed Bi enhances the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles by impeding a poison-forming dehydration path with a concomitant promotion of a dehydrogenation path. The chronoamperometric results indicate that elemental Bi and partially oxidized Bi are responsible for the catalytic enhancement, when the Bi coverages on Pt nanoparticles are 0.12 and 0.25, respectively. The size effect of Bi-modified Pt nanoparticles in formic acid oxidation is discussed in terms of specific activity (current per unit surface area) and mass activity (current per unit mass).

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.487-495
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• 1999

In order to form metallic electrodes on PZT (Pb (Zr, Ti)O$_3$) ceramics, plating conditions for optimal electroless Ni deposition were investigated. Pb in PZT is the major component to inhibit the electroless deposition, because it plays a active role of catalytic poison in plating solution. Adhesion of the electroless Ni deposits is measured by push-pull scale test and peel test. Results such as deposition ability, deposition rate, and thickness of deposits showed in terms of concentration of etchant, composition of catalyzing solution, and composition and pH of electroless bath solution.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1307-1314
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• 2008

Hydrogen gas is used as a fuel for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Trace amount of carbon monoxide present in the reformate $H_2$ gas can poison the anode of the PEMFC. Therefore, preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO is essential for reducing the concentration of CO from a hydrogen-rich reformate gas. In this study, conventional Pt/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst was prepared for the preferential oxidation of CO. The effects of catalyst preparation method, additive, and hydrogen on the performances of PROX reaction of CO were investigated. Water treatment and addition of Ce enhanced catalytic activity of the Pt/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst at low temperature below $100^{\circ}C$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.57-60
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• 2008

Catalytic oligomerization of isobutene to produce triisobutenes has been performed over a cation-exchange resin (Amberlyst-35) by using commercial C4 feeds. The catalytic activity in the oligomerization was retained without deactivation up to 90 h of reaction in a simulated reaction feed without butadiene, but its activity was significantly affected by the presence of butadiene in commercial C4 feeds. The isobutene conversion with time-on-stream was significantly decreased in the presence of butadiene, indicating the catalyst deactivation by butadiene. However, the stable activity for trimerization was accomplished when the oligomerization was carried out after eliminating butadiene by hydrogenation of the feeds. This work demonstrates that butadiene plays a role as a catalyst poison on the solid acid catalyst, so that its removal in the reactant feed is essential for practical application of trimerization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.577-583
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• 2007

To overcome certain disadvantages of past typical control techniques for toxic contaminants emitted from various industrial processes, the current study was conducted to establish a thermal catalytic system using mesh-type transition-metal platinum(Pt)/stainless steel(SS) catalyst and to evaluate catalytic thermal destruction of five chlorinated hydrocarbons[chlorobenzene(CHB), chloroform(CHF), perchloroethylene (PCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCEthane), trichloroethylene(TCE)]. In addition, this study evaluated the catalyst poison effect on the catalytic thermal destruction. Three operating parameters tested for the thermal catalyst system included the inlet concentrations, the incineration temperature, and the residence time in the catalyst system. The thermal decomposition efficiency decreased from the highest value of 100% to the lowest value of almost 0%(CHB) as the input concentration increased, depending upon the type of chlorinated compounds. The destruction efficiencies of the four target compounds, except for TCEthane, increased upto almost 100% as the reaction temperature increased, whereas the destruction efficiency for TCEthane did not significantly vary. For the target compounds except for TCEthane, the catalytic destruction efficiencies increased up to 30% to 97% as the residence time increased from 10 sec to 60 sec, but the increase of destruction efficiency for TCEthane stopped at the residence time of 30 sec, suggesting that long residence times are not always proper for thermal destruction of VOCs, when considering the destruction efficiency and operation costs of thermal catalytic system together. Conclusively, the current findings suggest that when applying the transition-metal catalyst for the better destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons, VOC type should be considered, along with their inlet concentrations, and reaction temperature and residence time in catalytic system. Meanwhile, the addition of high methyl sulfide(1.8 ppm) caused a drop of 0 to 50% in the removal efficiencies of the target compounds, whereas the addition of low methyl sulfide (0.1 ppm), which is lower than the concentrations of sulfur compounds measured in typical industrial emissions, did not cause.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.59-72
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• 2009

In order to utilize sewage sludge as a heat source of energy, it goes without saying that the fuel should be clean and pose no threat to the environment. As a consequent, it should not contain even minute quantities of heavy metals / impurities. The SOCA (Sludge-Oil-Coal- Agglomerates) fuel can meet all these requirements. SOCA being a solid fuel can be gasified for the production of clean energy. Wet catalytic gasification is the most appropriate process for SOCA containing nearly 60% water. It is important to note that the SOCA thus obtained inherits ca. 40~50% of sulfur from the coal used. It can poison the catalyst during catalytic gasification process. Consequently, it becomes important to choose a proper catalyst for the gasification. Calcium was found to be ideal choice as a catalyst for the gasification of SOCA. The optimal gasification was performed at $850^{\circ}C$ with water vapor. The role of fuel-N is of utmost importance in the gasification of SOCA. The gasification should be controlled to reduce the production of HCN to a minimum and enhance its conversion to $N_2$ and/or $NH_3$.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2023

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is the most effective method for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions, but the operating temperature range of V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts is narrow (300~400℃). In this study, a new catalyst with an operating temperature range of 200~450℃ was developed. The catalyst poison, ammonium bisulfate, generated during the SCR process can be removed by heating above 350℃. To increase the number of active sites and promote the dispersion of active materials, titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) treatment was performed on the TiO₂ support with various TTIP/TiO₂ mass ratios. Among them, the 5 wt% TTIP loaded catalyst showed improved performance due to higher thermal stability caused by high W dispersion and the formation of V⁵⁺. In addition, the 5 wt% TTIP-loaded catalyst prepared by a one-step co-precipitation method showed greater V-OH and W-OH dispersion and enhanced interactions in contrast to conventional methods, resulting in higher catalytic activity at lower temperatures. This review article aims to provide an accessible explanation for researchers investigating how to improve the surface properties of TiO2 catalysts using TTIP.

• Clean Technology
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• v.13 no.1 s.36
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• pp.54-63
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• 2007

Even traces of CO in the hydrogen-rich feed gas to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) poison the platinum anode electrode and dramatically decrease the power output. In this work, a variety of catalytic materials consisting of $Cu/Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$, (x = 0.0-1.0) were synthesised, characterized and tested for CO oxidation and preferential oxidation of CO (PROX). These catalysts prepared by hydrothermal and deposition-precipitation methods. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, BET, $N_2O$ titration and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) measurement. The effects of composition of the support and degree of excess oxygen were investigated fur activity and $CO_2$ selectivity with different temperatures. The composition of the support markedly influenced the PROX activity. Among the various $Cu/Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$ catalysts having different composition, $Cu/Ce_{0.9}Zr_{0.1}O_2$ and $Cu/Ce_{0.7}Zr_{0.3}O_2$ showed the highest activities (>99%) and selectivities (ca.50%) in the temperature range of $150{\sim}160^{\circ}C$. It was found that by using of $Ce_xZr_{1-x}O_2$ mixed oxide support which possesses a high oxygen storage capacity, oxidation-reduction activity of Cu-based catalyst was improved, which resulted in the increase of catalytic activity and selectivity of CO oxidation in excess $H_2$ environments.