• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.259-272
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• 1987

This was study carried out to investigate the effect of calcium on spontaneous contraction and electrical activity induced by ethanol in gastric smooth muscle. After peeling off the mucous membrane from the isolated whole stomach of 102 cats, two kinds of small muscle preparations $(2.0{\times}0.2\;cm)$, one longitudinal and the other circular, were excised from the fundus, the corpus and the antrum portion of each whole stomach specimen. The isometric contraction of the small muscle preparation was measured in a cylinder-shaped chamber filled with Krebs-Ringer-dextrose solution (pH 7.4, temperature $36{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) bubbling with 5% $CO_2$ in $O_2$. A large muscle preparation $(5.0{\times}1.2\;cm)$ was excised from the anterior wall of the corpus-antrum portion of the same specimen in 72 of 102 cats. The gastric electrical activity (slow wave and spike potential) was monopolarly recorded by four capillary electrodes (Ag-AgCl), of which two were placed on the corpus and two on the antrum, in a muscle chamber filled with the same solution as described above. Changes in the amplitude of the contraction, frequency of the gastric slow wave and the production of the spike potential were observed after adding ethanol and/or under the treatments with verapamil, $CaCl_2$ and Ca-free Krebs-Ringer-dextrose solution. The results were as follows: 1) After adding ethanol, the spontaneous phasic contraction of the corpus was reduced dose-dependently (0.125-2.0%), which was totally abolished by higher concentrations (2.0-8.0%) of ethanol. 2) The corporal phasic contraction was also completely abolished by verapamil $(3{\times}10^{-5}\;M)$ or Ca-free Krebs-Ringer-dextrose solution. The contraction was increased by $CaCl_2\;(1.8{\times}10^{-3}\;M)$, but the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the contraction persisted even under the treatment with $CaCl_2$. 3) At higher concentrations, ethanol caused tonic contraction of both preparations from the fundus, the corpus and the antrum in a dose-dependent manner. The tonic contraction of the fundus produced by ethanol was not influenced by $CaCl_2$ or verapamil, whereas the tonic contraction was not produced by ethanol in tile Ca-free solution. 4) Frequency of gastric slow wave was decreased dose-dependently by the addition of ethanol (0.25-1.0%), and tile slow wave was not produced by higher concentration of ethanol (2.0%). 5) The frequency of slow wave was significantly reduced by verapamil only and the inhibitory influence of ethanol on the slow wave frequency was reinforced by verapamil. 6) The treatment of $CaCl_2$ increased significantly the slow wave frequency, and attenuated the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the frequency. It is therefore suggested that ethanol regulates the phasic contraction and the production of slow wave by interfering with the transport of calcium in the stomach muscle of the cat.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.299-308
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Heavy alcohol consumption causes the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a neglected but important public health problem. Many studies have pointed out that probiotics could improve gut health, which is also considered to be a cause of ALD. Therefore, this study screened the probiotics, Lactobacillus casei GKC1 (GKC1), L. fermentum GKF3 (GKF3), Bifidobacterium lactis GKK2 (GKK2), L. rhamnosus GKLC1 (GKLC1), L. paracasei GKS6 (GKS6), and L. plantarum GKM3 (GKM3), for their potential benefits in alleviating ALD for applications to disease prevention. SUBJECTS/METHODS: C57BL/6N mice were divided into 8 groups (n = 6 in each): normal control, positive control (alcohol-diet fed), and treatments of feeding probiotics GKC1, GKF3, GKK2, GKLC1, GKS6, and GKM3 under an oral dose 0.82 g/kg B.W. per day by oral gavage. The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks, and the concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) in mice were measured. The glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and histology were analyzed after sacrifice. RESULTS: The results showed a decrease in the serum ALT, liver TG, and liver TC levels in the GKS6, GKM3, and GKLC1 groups compared to the positive control. In addition, the decreasing GSH and CAT levels were inhibited in the GKS6 and GKM3 groups. The histopathological results showed that all probiotics could reduce the accumulation of liver fat. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in GKLC1 with lower stomach damage compared to the alcohol-fed mice without any addition of probiotics. CONCLUSIONS: GKLC1, GKS6, and GKM3 can be used as supplements for alleviating the development of ALD.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 1999

Effects of Chiyangtang(CYT) on H. pylori-induced increase of interleukin 8 and interleukin 1 gene expression was studied in Kato Ⅲ cell line, a human stomach epithelial cell line. Treatment of H. pylori to the cell culture signifant!y increased IL-8 and IL-1 mRNA synthesis. When CYT was added along with H. pylori, the increase of IL-8 and IL-1 mRNA synthesis was blocked. Activation of transcription factor $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-1 which were known to important in IL-8 and IL-1 gene expression was also studied using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase(CAT) assay. Treatment of H. pylori increased activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-l and CYT effectively protected the activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that CYT effectively inhibited DNA binding of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-l to their cognate site. These results suggested that CYT could prevent stomach diseases through the down regulation of IL -8 and IL-l gene expression which might be mediated by the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-1 activities and their binding to DNA.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.949-966
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• 1996

To establish the method for the most effective radiography and fluoroscopy, the abdominal organs of cats were investigeted using omnidirectional angles with the center of the body as the axis using an omnidirectional protective shielding X-ray system and a $360^{\circ}$ rotary restraint unit for use in small animals. The organs examined were the diaphragm, liver, stomach, colon, spleen and kidney. The results obtained in the present study were as follows: 1. Regardless of gas in the stomach present or not, it was feasible to distinguish the left and right crura in the lumbar portion of diaphragm in the oblique projection inclined over $30^{\circ}$ and under $90^{\circ}$ from the lateral projection. 2. Outlines of the exterior left lobe and the interior right lobe of the liver were observed in the oblique image inclined up to $60^{\circ}$ from the lateral image, while that of the exterior right lobe was noted in the oblique image inclined up to $60^{\circ}$ from the ventrodorsal-dorsoventral images. 3. It was necessary to have gas present in the stomach for detailed morphological observations of the stomach. It was most clearly observed in the right $30^{\circ}$ ventral-left dorsal oblique projection($120^{\circ}$ image) and the left $60^{\circ}$ dorsal-right ventral oblique projection($300^{\circ}$ image). 4. Morphology of the colon was observable in detail by the oblique projection inclined over $30^{\circ}$ from the lateral projection. 5. To observe the whole spleen it was required to have images from the ventrodorsal projection ($90^{\circ}$ image) to the right $60^{\circ}$ ventral-left dorsal oblique projection ($150^{\circ}$ image) as well as those from the dorsoventral projection ($270^{\circ}$ image) to the left-right lateral projection $0^{\circ}$ image). 6. Dorsal and ventral sides of the kidney were observable in the oblique images inclined $30^{\circ}$ from the lateral image. 7. Considering above findings collectively, it was thought that the results of present study might be useful for the analysis of abnormalies in each organ of cat.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.12 no.1_2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1968

The levels of activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin in both the pancreatic tissue and serum of 18 species of vertebrate animals were measured and enzymologically compared with each other. 1) The value of amylase in the pancreas of experimental mammalia has been found decreasing in the order pig, rat, dog, cat, rabbit and cow; that of pancreatic lipase has been found decreasing in the order of pig, dog, cat, rat, rabbit and cow; and that of trypsin has been found decreasing in the order of pig, cow, dog, rat, rabbit. Thus the value of all the above three kinds of enzymes were observed highest in pig, but in cow amylase and lipase were observed lowest while trypsin were observed considerably high. 2) In view of diets, the comparatively high values of pancreatic enzyme were observed in the ommivorous animals such as pig, rat, dog, while the values observed low in the herbivorous animals, such as cow and rabbit. 3) In the bovine, the values were observed moderately high except lipase which were found comparatively low. 4) In the Reptilia and Amphibia such a mud turttle and frog, the values were shown in similar measure with each other, that is, the pancreatic amylase and trypsin were observed considerably high while the lipase was found low. 5) In the species of Reptilia such as a viper and snake, the activities of pancreatic enzymes were not detected. But in the tissue of liver, stomach, activities of the enzymes were found considerably high. Lacertilia animals such as lizard the values of pancreatic enzymes were little observed. 6) In the fish in which the pancreatic tissue is scattered in the liver, the pancreatic enzymes were found in the liver tissue considerably higher than in the other tissues but lower than in the warm-blooded animals, especially the lipase was lower. 7) In generally the values of serum amylase and lipase were observed higher than those of man; and even in the cold-blooded animals in which the values of pancreatic enzymes were shown low or none, the values were also observed high. 8) The above three kinds of pancreatic enzyme values of those experimental animals have shown a tendency of higher degree in higher taxa than in lower taxa according to taxonomical order. 9) In view of tissue, the pancreatic cell was observed large in the mammalian animals such as rat and pig and cytoplasm was also abundantly contained in the acinous cell; and the bovine and the snake haave the pancreatic cells of the similar rosette form the comparatively large acinous cells of long rhombic form in the comparatively large acinous cells of long rhombic form in which the spindle shaped neucleus and the abundant cytoplasm were contained. In the fish the pancreatic cell were found scattered in the liver in which the very large pancreatic islet were found.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1200-1208
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crude mucin and saponin from Dioscorea Rhizoma on acute gastric ulcers in rats. The gastric ulcer group (GU group) and mucin-applied group (DR-M group) exhibited serious bleeding of the mucous membrane of the stomach due to the ulcers, as well as blood congestion for three days. The saponin-applied group (DR-S group) exhibited less mucous membrane bleeding, and reddened and inflamed membranes recovered dramatically within 24 hours. After developing an acute pgastric ulcer, the tissues of the stomach, intestine, and liver in the control group and the DR-M group exhibited edema in the submucous membrane, as well as serious bleeding. However, the DR-S group recovered quickly from mucous membrane bleeding due to gastric ulcer. The DR-M group did not show any notable changes in serum formation or activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the GU rats. Increased AST and ALT activities were detected from the first day with saponin application in the gastric ulcer rats. As the AST and ALT activities decreased, the gastric ulcers recovered with the increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Accordingly, this study suggest that mucin in Dioscorea Rhizomahas no effect on the recovery of damaged stomachs due to gastric ulcers, but saponin is mainly responsible for decreasing tissue damage by activating antioxidant enzymes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1981

An electron microscopical observation was carried out to compare the general shape of the mast cells and structures of granules inside the cells in the stomach of 5 species in 3 orders of Mammals. In convenience, the granules in the cytoplasm were abbreviated as follows: 1) Homogeneous granule, GR1 2) Particulate granule, GR2 a. Dark dense particulate granule, GR2-1 b. Less dense particulate granule, GR2-2 3) Reticular granule, GR5 a. Dark dense reticular granule, GR5-1 b. Light dense reticular granule, GR5-2 In Mammalia including goat, dog, cat, and hamster, most of cytoplasmic organelle were Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and most of the cytoplasmic granules were highly densed GR1and GR2. However GR5-1 and GR5-2 appeared in guinea pig while one side sunken or crescent-like types occured in both dog and guinea pig. All mast cells were oval or spindle with cytoplasmic processes around the cell. There was also found vacuoles and vesicles in these cells. These results demonstrated that there was a morphological difference between species of vertebrate in the mast cells and their cytoplasmic granules. It was also suggested that a variety of structures of granules were closely related with the composition (histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid etc.) and mature of the granules.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 2016

Four dogs and two cats received laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted biopsy of abdominal organs for definite diagnosis of illness. Patients were presented with a chief complaint of acute or chronic vomiting excluding case 5 (seizure). Two patients needed the liver biopsy (case 1 and 5), and others did stomach and small intestine biopsy excluding case 2 (small intestine biopsy only). Surgical procedure was performed with modified standard methods. All patients recovered uneventfully and did not require any hospitalization without complications. Laparoscopic and laparoscopic-assisted biopsy could offer benefits of reduced incision length and rapid postoperative recovery.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1990

It has been reported that bombesin induces contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, the present investigation was undertaken to see an influence of bombesin on electrical activity of the gastric smooth muscle, since electrical activity is associated with contractile activity in the smooth muscle of the stomach. Smooth muscle strips $(5\;{\times}\;1.5\;cm)$ that included the corpus and antrum were prepared from the ventral and dorsal portion of the feline stomach along the greater curvature. Circular muscle strips $(1\;{\times}\;0.3\;cm)$ of the corpus were also obtained. Electrical activity of the corpus and antrum of the muscle strip was monophasically recorded by using Ag-AgCl capillary electrodes placed on the circular muscle layer. Contractile activity of the circular muscle strip was also recorded. The recordings were performed in Krebs-Ringer solution that was continuously aerated with $O_{2}$ containing 5% $Co_{2}$, and kept at $36^{\circ}C$. Dose-related responses of electrical activity and contractility to bombesin was studied after frequency of slow waves and contraction of each strip reached to a steady state. An action of $D-leu^{13}-{\psi}\;(CH_{2}NH)-D-leu^{14}-bombesin,\;D-pro^{2}-D-trp^{7,9}-substance\;P$, tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, atropine, phentolamine or propranolol on the effect of bombesin was also observed. 1) Bombesin increased frequency of slow waves and contractions dose-dependently at concentrations from $10^{-9}\;M\;to\;3\;{\times}\;10^{-8}\;M$. 2) The bombesin analogue at a concentration of $3\;{\times}\;10^{-7}\;M$ antagonized the effect of bombesin on frequency of slow waves. 3) The effect of bombesin on frequency of slow waves was inhibited by tetrodotoxin $(10^{-6}\;M)$ and hexamethonium $(10^{-3}\;M)$ but unaffected by atropine $(10^{-6}\;M)$, phentolamine $(10^{-5}\;M)$ and propranolol $(10^{-5}\;M)$. 4) The effect of bombesin on frequency of slow waves was blocked by the substance P analogue at a concentration of $10^{-5}\;M$. 5) Substance P at a concentration of $10^{-5}\;M$ failed to change frequency of slow waves. It is concluded from the above results that bombesin increases the frequency of slow waves as well as contractions of the smooth muscle strip from the feline stomach, and the effect of bombesin might be mediated by non-cholinergic or non-adrenergic mechanism at neuromuscular junction. However, enteric nerves that have substance P as a neurotransmitter do not appear to participate in the action of bombesin on frequency of slow waves.