• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.471-481
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• 1995

The weed population dynamics as affected by contrasting conventional tillege (CT) and no-tillage (NT) practices with a minimum herbicide application was studied in Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. Common chickweed (Stellaria media) was the most common spring weed while johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia), and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) accounted for 89∼97％ of net production during summers of 1983 and 1984. Total weed production in summer of 1984 was 2∼5 times greater than that of 1983. Weed production was greater in NT plots than in CT plots in summer of 1983, but reverse was the case in summer of 1984. In spring, net production in NT plots was greater than that in CT plots, especially, in 1985. Species diversity was consistently higher in NT plots, but in the wet summer of 1984 the pattern was different, with higher diversity in CT plots. Weed species diversity was higher in the spring rye crop than in the summer grain sorghum crop. The larger but less diverse weed populations in summer of 1984 indicated that these populations experienced competitive exclusion. Under the favorable summer moisture conditions the three dominant species grew so vigorously and quickly as to exclude many less common species that were able to survive under the drier conditions in 1983. The three dominant species not only excluded other weeds in 1984 but also greatly reduced crop production. The perennial johnsongrass was equally successful, or even more so, in CT plots as in NT plots. Plowing did not kill johnsongrass rhizomes but tended to break them up, thus increasing the number of individual plants that appear after the plowing. It means that johnsongrass was not controlled by the plowing. In summer of 1983, a moderate amount of weedy growth was maintained with a minimum amount of gerbicide application in NT and CT plots. It is possible that a small mixed weed population would be beneficial by providing cover for predatory and parasitic arthropods, and by reducing soil temperature and moisture losses.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate how a labor saving for conventional hand sowing and respond to major agronomic traits under different planting density in 1993 and 1994. Each trial was a randomized block split plot with row spacing as the main plots and hill spacing as subplots. Sowing rate appeared lower in 20 or 25cm hill spacing using machine seeder than in hand sowing. Sowing time required reduced more 121 hours per hectare in 60cm row, 20cm hill spacings using machine seeder than in hand sowing. Increasing row and hill spacings reduced number of seedling stand per unit $area(m^2)$. Both number of pods per plant and grain weight per plant and showed highly increase in wide planting. Best yield obtained in 60cm row, 20cm hill spacing using machine seeder. Accumulative mean air temperature was positively correlated with stem height, number of pods per plant and yield, otherwise accumulative rainfall was negatively correlated with ones. A highly significant negative correlation was showed between number of seedling stand per unit $area(m^2)$ and number of branches, number of pods per plant, grain weight per plant and yield. Yield was positively correlated with number of branches, number of pods per plant and grain weight per plant.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1769-1776
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• 2009

The effects of combined garlic and medicinal plant extracts such as Gyeolmyeongja (Cassia obtusifolia Linne), Hasuo (Polygoni multiflori Radix), Youngji (Ganoderma lucium) and Sansayuk (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) on the antioxidant activity and lipid levels in the livers of rats fed a high cholesterol diet were analyzed. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were the highest in the Gyeolmyeongja by $151.02{\pm}5.20\;mg$/100 g and $43.69{\pm}5.58\;mg$/100 g. Electron donating ability, reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were significantly increased when over 0.3% garlic extract was added. The antioxidant activity of linoleic acid in $\beta$- carotene increased in a dose dependant manner in response to the concentration of garlic extract. In livers of rats, the content of total lipids was significantly decreased by feeding garlic and medicinal plants composites; in particular, the group in which 0.7% garlic extract was added was the lowest. Total cholesterol was 14.95 mg/g in the control group; its level was lower in the groups fed garlic and medicinal plants composites, ranging from 11.47 to 11.86 mg/g. Triglyceride concentration was significantly decreased in the group fed 0.7% garlic extracts, with 46.42 mg/g compared to groups fed 0.3% and 0.5%. TBARS content showed a 15.8~17.6% decrease in groups fed 0.5~0.7% garlic extract and medicinal plants composites. Antioxidant activity was significantly increased in groups fed over 0.5% garlic extract compared to the control group. This study shows that garlic and medicinal plant composites intake is able to reduce the levels of liver lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.980-987
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• 2003

In this report, we investigated the detoxication effects of Saururus chinenis, Geranium nepalense, Lonicera japonica, Cassia obtusifolia, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, or their mixtures by employing acute toxicity tests for nicotine and dioxin. When fatal doses $(LD_{100}\;=\;42\;mg/kg)$ of nicotine were injected into the abdominal cavities of ICR mice, those treated with OHEM showed delayed paralysis, half the duration of hyperactivity, and a 73 % survival rate. The results revealed the strong detoxicating effects of the mixtures. We also measured the amount of the degradation product of nicotine and cotinine in humans. Consumption of OHEM promoted (he more specific) the metabolic pathways of nicotine, increasing continine excretion by 1.5 times. As a result the amount of cotinine in urine was reduced to less than 5% after treatment with OHEM. In order to test the toxicity of dioxin, we used TcnN(SD)BR rats exposed to TCDD. While TCDD treatment reduced the blood levels of hemoglobin and platelet, OHEM consumption relieved these effects and, furthermore, helped to recover the number of platelet to the normal level (p<0.05). Moreover, neutrophils (%) and monocytes (%), which were reduced by the injection of TCDD, recovered to normal levels upon treatment with OHEM. The amount albumin reduced by TCDD (p<0.05) normalized, while the activities of GOT and GTP increased by TCDD were reduced. Increases in total cholesterol and neutral fatty acids induced by TCDD were also reduced by OHEM injection (p<0.05). In the kidney, TCDD-induced rises in creatinine were suppressed by OHEM treatment, while decreases in iron levels from TCDD were raised to normal. The treatment of TCDD had more toxic effects in the blood and pancreas than on the liver, kidney and heart. On the other hand, the detoxication of OHEM had significant effects on the liver and pancreas. The normalization by OHEM of various clinical abnormalities induced by TCDD demonstrates the detoxicating effect of OHEM that ameliorates systemic metabolism not properly functioning.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

The Aims of this study are to investigate ecological environments and indoor-rearing conditions of Eurema hecabe for artificial rearing. Two different nesting site, a open area nearby small river(A area; Daejin-ri, Gonyang-myeon, Sachun-si, Gyoungsangnam-do) and a foot of a hill area(B area; Noryang-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, Namhae-gun, Kyoungsangnam-do), selected for investigation of ecological habitat environment, and investigated two times per month, during six month, from June to November in 2010. In result, the number of butterflies, Eurema hecabe, at the hill area(B area) was 6 times more than the open area(A area). We observed the number of eggs, larvae and puapae in the B area more times compared to those in the A area. In the B area, Lespedeza cuneata was higher preference than the other host plant, Lespedeza pilosa and Albizia julibrissin. For development of indoor-rearing conditions, common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe, was reared in a room condition. As a result of oviposition preference experiment, 100-mated-female laid significantly higher number of eggs $104.9{\pm}19.6$ on Lespedeza cuneata plant, whereas the number of eggs was $12.7{\pm}4.5$ on Cassia obtusifolia plant. Moreover, the eggs hatched within $5.1{\pm}0.9$ days from the day of oviposition and procent of egg hatchability was 53.7% on host plant. The headwidth of each developmental larval stage were $0.36{\pm}0.02$(1st), $0.61{\pm}0.02$(2nd), $0.93{\pm}0.05$(3rd), $1.46{\pm}0.08$(4th), $2.25{\pm}0.11$(5th). The larval period was $12.1{\pm}0.9$ days under high temperature, long day condition($25^{\circ}C$, 16L : 8D), showing 81.0% pupal ratio. The pupal period was $6.9{\pm}0.7$ days, and the emergence rate was 79.6%. Based on above experiment, artificial rearing system of common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe was completed in indoor condition.