• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.66
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• pp.149-170
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• 2015

State's compensation obligation accompanied in case of indirect expropriation of foreign investor's investment asset has been established definite principle under international investment law. But the concrete and unified application criterion regarding valuation methods for measuring compensation have not been established yet. The World Bank investment guideline is adopting the Hull's Formula, which is understood as the full compensation standard with prompt adequate effective compensation and Fair Market Value method. It is a general principle that compensation should be equal to the fair market value of investment asset just before indirect expropriation date. However, there is a problem of the valuation method of fair market value of investment asset. In general, discounted cash flow, liquidation value, replacement value, book value, etc. can be the applicable standards. Arbitral tribunals determine compensation by adopting proper valuation method on a case-by-case basis according to the discretion based on the arbitration parties' experts' review on the presented opinion and by considering fact relevance of the issued dispute. This compensation includes also interest, recently it tends to award according to compound interest rather than simple interest. Beginning of the period to generate interest is the next day of the indirect expropriation occurrence date. And it should be considered that interest until the payment of compensation is also included. In addition, it should be considered that mental damages is available only when there's a basis to prove this or special case. Therefore, this study suggests to review of precedents related to indirect expropriation and concretely specify compensation valuation standard and method of indirect expropriation on investment agreements through enough consultation beforehand.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.125-135
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• 2002

The electronic payment system based on blind signature is susceptible to the blackmailing attack as opposed to keep the lifestyle of users private. In this paper. we suggest an efficient electronic cash system using a blind XTR-DSA scheme, which improves the method of defeating blackmailing in online electronic cash systems of ［6,9］. In case of blackmailing, to issue the marked coins we use the blind XTR-DSA scheme at withdrawal. In ［6,9］, to cheat the blackmailer who takes the marked coins the decryption key of a user had to be transferred to the Bank. But in our proposed method the delivery of the decryption key is not required. Also, in the most serious attack of blackmailing. kidnapping, we can defeat blackmailing with a relatively high probability of 13/18 compared with 1/2 in ［9］ and 2/3 in ［6］. If an optimal extension field of XTR suggested in ［7］ is used, then we can implement our system more efficiently.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.63-72
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• 2022

With the advent of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin in 2009, the paradigm of money, a means of payment, has been changing significantly. And it has a great impact on our daily lives. Thus central banks have attempted various analyzes on the issuance and impact of digital currencies including electronic payments but a study on which issuance method is suitable is insufficient. In this study, the issuance of digital currency was analyzed compared to the electronic payments which are currently used. As a result, the account-based model did not show any significant differences from the current RTGS(real-time gross settlement systems) and retail payment systems. But the token-based model is expected that it can improve the efficiency of finance and induce technological innovation in the financial field. However, it was analyzed that this model would weaken the intermediary function of financial institutions such as loans due to the characteristics of digital signature technology. In addition, in order to protect consumers against security attacks such as hacking and phishing of CBDCs, legal and institutional supports similar to the current electronic payment method are required, and continuous technology development efforts are also required for the CBDC issuance model to maintain convenience and anonymity equivalent to cash.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.177-200
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• 2021

Recently, the use of prepaid electronic payments such as electronic wallets, digital currency and prepaid points is gradually increasing. Prepaid electronic payments has the characteristic of being used after charging first. This study empirically investigated the factors affecting the intention to use online charging in order to help improve the service that require prepaid recharge by applying transformed TAM. Since there are not many previous studies for the intention to use online charging, we extract factors through preceding researches for electronic cash and mobile easy payment. Also we analyze the intention to use online charging for transportation card users, focusing on the moderating effects. As a result of the study, it was found that 'convenience', 'ubiquity', and 'self-efficacy' among the independent variables had a positive (+) effect on mediation variable 'perceived usefulness'. 'Perceived usefulness' was analyzed to have a significant influence on the dependent variable 'usage intention'. According to users' gender, internet usage time, internet shopping frequency, online charging frequency and transportation card usage type, the moderating effect was significant on 'perceived usefulness' and 'usage intention'. As an implication, it was suggested that service improvement and differentiated marketing are needed in direction of increasing the usefulness of services. Additional research directions were proposed for services such as e-wallets, prepaid points and digital currencies by adding other factors and moderate variables.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1525-1540
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• 2015

Due to a rapid advancement in the electronic commerce technology, the payment method varies from cash to electronic settlement such as credit card, mobile payment and mobile application card. Therefore, financial fraud is increasing notably for a purpose of personal gain. In response, financial companies are building the FDS (Fraud Detection System) to protect consumers from fraudulent transactions. The one of the goals of FDS is identifying the fraudulent transaction with high accuracy by analyzing transaction data and personal information in real-time. Data mining techniques are providing great aid in financial accounting fraud detection, so it have been applied most extensively to provide primary solutions to the problems. In this paper, we try to provide an overview of the research on data mining based fraud detection. Also, we classify researches under few criteria such as data set, data mining algorithm and viewpoint of research.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.197-214
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• 2002

Electronic Commerce has already existed for over 20 years. The Bolero project initially had the support of TEDIS, and now is jointly financed by SWIFT(Society for World International Financial Telecommunications) which handles most of the electronic funds transfer for banks, and the Through Transport Mutual Assurance Association(the TT Club), a mutual insurance association most of whose members are drawn from the Multimodal transport industry or transport intermediaries. Bolero's mission is to provide guaranteed and secure delivery, in electronic form, of trade documentation, globally, based on a binding legal environment and common procedures, Bolero will also provide a platform for provision of neutral cross-industry services. TradeCard is a payment and settlement system that is an alternative to letters of credit. That is, TradeCard is a business-to-business e-commerce infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to conduct and settle international trade transactions securely over the Internet. Paperless, payment-guaranteed international trade transactions - which eliminate the traditional letters of credit with electronic certifications - are widely considered the most difficult B2B transactions to conduct.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.355-370
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• 2003

In offline check systems, a client does not have to pay the exact amount. Instead, a client refunds the difference between the check value and the paid amount. In most offline systems, clients can not spend the remainder. But if the refund can be made spendable, it would provide a more convenient payment method. In this paper, we present a new offline system, which allows refunds to be reused as payments. In our system, the shop issues a new check using its private key for the difference. This new check, called the refund check, can be spent in the same way as checks issued by the bank. If the refund check is deposited to, or refunded at the bank, the bank charges the issuer of the check for the amount. The form of a check in this system is much simpler than previous check systems. It also uses a more flexible and efficient denomination method. The refund check is unlinkable to the check used in the payment where the refund check was issued. This system provides coin and owner tracing mechanisms to reinforce controls on illegal use of anonymous checks and was designed with consideration to the atomicity of transactions.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.462-470
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• 2005

A hash chain is highly efficient and attractive structure to use in electronic cash. Previous systems using hash chain are used extensively in various cryptography applications such as one-time passwords, server-supported signatures and microments. However, The most hash chain based systems using fro-paid method provide anonymity but have the problem to increase payment cost. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new hash chain based microment system which improves efficiency using session key and guarantees user anonymity through blind signature in the withdrawal process of the root value without disclosing privacy Information.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.114-122
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• 1988

This paper aims to identify the characteristics of the tenant farm's income compared with farm household consumption. Farm household surplus is a critical criteria for the reproduction of agriculture. The degree of self sufficiency of farm household consumption according to agricultural income was rapidly decreasing for the period of 1980's. Only 78.9 percents of farm household consumption was earned by agricultural income. Tenant farms were classified according to the following characteristics; self-supported, semi self-supported, leased, deleted, over-consumption. Self-supported tenants are one of the backbones of Korea's future agriculture, because they are able to meet their household needs by only their farm work without other income producing endeavors. The rent paid by those tenants surveyed was estimated at 26.2 percents of their farm household income. However, the national average for such rental payment is equivalent to 4.7 percents of farm household income. 63 percents of paddy rental fee was paid by inkind of rice and 80 percents of the upland rental fee was paid by cash. Self-supported farms as 20 percents of total surveyed should be the target of agricultural price policy and semi self-supported & over-consumption farms as 30 percents be that of rural development policy, and the other half be that of social welfare policy.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.77-100
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• 2018

As the importance of R&D has recently become more important, the budget for national R&D projects has continued to grow. Along with, there is a growing awareness to use and manage R&D funds transparently. This study examines the relationship among attitude toward the behavior (ATT), subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and behavioral Intention (BI) deriving from TPB (Theory of planned Behavior). To empirically prove the hypothesis, the statistical analysis were conducted based on the response from the 2,021 RCMS users, using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. The research model variable consists of ATT, SN, PBC, BI, person type, RCMS characteristics. The results of study can be summarized as follows. First, ATT, SN, PBC have the positive effect on BI. Second, According to the type of person (Director, R&D supporter), there is no difference in ATT on BI but there is a difference in SN (or PBC) on BI. Third, The type of person have moderating effects in the relationship between ATT and BI. Finally, All RCMS characteristics have moderating effects in the relationship between ATT and BI. Some RCMS characteristics have moderating effects in the relationship between PBC and BI.