• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2009

This study was conducted to forecast inner water temperature strata change by extracting deep water from a dam. For the methodology, the scope wherein the balance between the volume of low-temperature water intake through the virtual water intake opening as installed within the stored water area and the volume of water intake from the surrounding area is not destroyed was calculated through the CFD simulation technique using the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) interpretation method. This study suggested a supplementary method(diffuser) to avoid destroying the water temperature strata, and the effect was reviewed. In case of intake of the same volume, when the velocity of flow of water intake is reduced by increasing the pipe diameter, the destruction of water temperature strata can be minimized. When the area(height) where the intake of water is possible is low, a diffuser for interrupting the vertical direction inflow should be installed to secure favorable water intake conditions in case of water intake on the upper part. This study showed that there was no problem if the intake-enabled, low-temperature area was secured approximately 10m from the bottom when the scope that does not destroy the water temperature strata in case of water intake was forecast using the regression formula.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2017

Objectives: We report the results of three case studies on the clinical efect of ascending kidney water and descending heart fre (AKDH) pharmacopuncture on patients with Hwa-Byung. Methods: Tis study involved three patients, all female, who had been admitted to a hospital of traditional Korean medicine and had been diagnosed as having Hwa-Byung by using the Hwa-Byung Structure Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. AKDH pharmacopuncture is administered by injecting pharmacopuncture at a specifc acupoint to change from a state of water-fre disharmony to one of water-fre harmony. For our three patients, Hwangyeonhaedoktang (黃連解毒湯) pharmacopuncture was injected at GB21 and GB20 on both sides; a total of 0.4 cc was injected, with 0.1 cc being injected at each point. Fel ursi, Bezora bovis and moschus (BUM) pharmacopuncture was injected at CV17, CV12, and CV6; a total of 0.15 cc was injected, with 0.05 cc being injected at each point. Treatment was done daily. Progress was evaluated using the Hwa-Byung diagnostic interview (HBDIS), beck depression inventory (BDI), and numeric rating scale (NRS) scores. Results: For the frst patient (case 1), after treatment, the HBDIS score was reduced from 44 to 30 points, the BDI score from 37 to 14, and the NRS score from 10 to 7. For the second patient (case 2), after treatment, the HBDIS score was reduced from 41 to 27 points, the BDI score from 13 to 7, and the NRS score from 10 to 5. For the third patient (case 3), after treatment, the HBDIS score was reduced from 42 to 28 points, the BDI score from 12 to 9, and the NRS score from 10 to 4. Conclusion: Ascending kidney water and descending heart fre pharmacopuncture treatment can be efective for improving ascending kidney water and descending heart fre energy and can be used to alleviate Hwa-Byung.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.133-147
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• 2005

In order to investigate applicability for 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) produced by esterification of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol(TFEA) and methacrylic acid(MA) using pervaporation membrane, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite membranes were prepared with glutaraldehyde(GA) onto porous polyethersulfone(PES) support. The degree of crosslinking and thickness of PVA coating layer were analyzed by swelling test and SEM(scanning electron microscopy), respectively. Pervaporation test was done with two feed mixures; TFEA/water, MA/water. The pervaporation data were obtained as a function of content of crosslinking agent, feed composition, and operating temperature, respectively. In case of TFEA-water(90/10 wt%) feed mixture at $80^{\circ}C$, the optimized membrane showed the high permeation flux of 1.5 $kg/m^2hr$ and separation factor of 320. In case of MA-water(90/10 wt%) feed mixture, the membranealso showed high permeation flux of 2.3 $kg/m^2hr$ and separation factor of 740 in same conditions.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2005

This study applied the Neural Network and Fuzzy theory to show water-purity control and preventive measure in water quality forecasting of the future river. This study picked out NAJU and HAMPYUNG as the subject of investigation and used monthly the water quality and the outflow data of KWANGJU2, NAJU, YOUNGSANNPO and HAMPYUNG from 1995 to 1999 to forecast BOD, COD, T-N, T-P water density. The datum from 1995 to 1999 are used for study and that of 2000 are used for verification. To develop model of water quality forecasting, firstly, this research formed Neural Network model and divided Neural Network model into two case - the case of considering lag and not considering. And this study selected optimal Neural Network model through changing the number of hidden layer based on input layer(n) from n to 3n. Through forecasting result, the case without considering lag showed more precise simulated result. Accordingly, this study intended to compare, analyse that Fuzzy model using the method without considering lag with Neural Network model. As a result, this study found that the model without considering lag in Neural Network Network shows the most excellent outcome. Thus this study examined a forecasting accuracy, analyzed result and verified propriety through appling the method of water quality forecasting using Neural Network and Fuzzy Algorithms to the actual case.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

This study is to evaluated the impact of varying spatial resolutions of DEM (2 m, 10 m, and 30 m), land use (QuickBird, 1/25,000 and Landsat), and soil data (1/25,000 and 1/50,000) on the uncertainty of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) predicted streamflow, sediment, T-N, and T-P transport in a small agricultural watershed ($1.21\;km^2$). SWAT model was adopted and the model was calibrated for a $255.4\;km^2$ watershed using 30 m DEM, Landsat land use, and 1/25,000 soil data. The model was run with the combination of three DEM, land use, and soil map respectively. The SWAT model was calibrated for 2 years (1999-2000) using daily streamflow and monthly water quality (SS, T-N, T-P) records from 1999 to 2000, and verified for another 2 years (2001-2002). The average Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.59 for streamflow and the root mean square error were 2.08, 4.30 and 0.70 tons/yr for sediment, T-N and T-P respectively. The hydrological results showed that output uncertainty was biggest by spatial resolution of land use. Streamflow increase the watershed average CN value of QucikBird land use was 0.4 and 1.8 higher than those of 1/25,000 and Landsat land use caused increase of streamflow.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.79-93
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• 2011

Water temperature of Oliver flounder farm affects Oliver flounder growth and mortality rate. In laboratory experimental tanks, optimal water temperature was $22.5^{\circ}C$($21{\sim}24^{\circ}C$) and cultivatable water temperature was $12{\sim}28^{\circ}C$. The purpose of this study is to identify applicable and useful water temperature of Oliver flounder farm in case of actual farming. The data applied in the analysis was collected from Jeju island. In the study, various analytical methods including productivity analysis, regression analysis, statistical analysis were conducted for 13 Oliver flounder culture farms. The result of analysis can be summarized as follows : First, growth rate on the Oliver flounder culture farms was related to mean of water temperature, variation of water temperature and low water temperature. Second, survival rate on the Oliver flounder culture farms was related to mean of water temperature. In case of including Oliver flounder stocking density, defined as the surface area of Oliver flounder per $m^2$ of water surface area, survival rate strongly related to mean of water temperature, variation of water temperature, cultivating capability and stocking density. Third, production weight per $m^2$ of water surface area was strongly related to mean of water temperature, low water temperature and cultivating capability. Growth rate and survival rate was analyzed into mediate variable character.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.509-521
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to estimate overall reliability and applicability of the watershed modeling for systematic management of point and non-point sources via water quality analysis and prediction of runoff discharge within watershed. Recently, runoff characteristics and pollutant characteristics have been changing in watershed by anomaly climate and urbanization. In this study, the effects of watershed scale were analyzed in runoff and water quality modeling using HSPF. In case of correlation coefficient, its range was from 0.936 to 0.984 in case A(divided - 2 small watersheds). On the other hand, its range was form 0.840 to 0.899 in case B(united - 1 watershed). In case of Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, its range was from 0.718 to 0.966 in case A. On the other hand, its range was from 0.441 to 0.683 in case B. As a result, it was judged that case A was more accurate than case B. Therefore, runoff and water quality modeling in minimum watershed scale that was provided data for calibration and verification was judged to be favorable in accuracy. If optimal watershed dividing and parameter optimization using PEST in HSPF with more reliable measured data are carried out, more accurate runoff and water quality modeling will be performed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2003

Much effort has been made in the radiometric calibration of the ocean scanning multispectral imager (OSMI) since after the successful launch of KOMPSAT-1 in 1999. A series of calibration coefficients for OSMI detectors were obtained in collaboration with the NASA Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary (SIMBIOS) project office. In this study, we ompare the OSMI level-2 products (e.g., chorophyll-a concentration) calculated from the NASA cross-calibration coefficients with the SeaWiFS counterparts. Sample study areas are some of diagonostic data sites recommended by the SIMBIOS working group. Results of this study show that the OSMl-derived chlorophyll-a concentration agrees well with the SeaWiFS counterpart in Case 1 water; however, differences become larger in Case 2 water.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2021

In this study, defluoridation efficiency by aluminium sulphate (alum) and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) were compared for recommended Nalgonda dose (100%) and 80% of this dose in both batch and continuous modes. The residual turbidity was found to be higher in case of alum as compared to PACl with 80% dose representing lesser efficient settling of suspensions, which primarily comprise alumino-fluoro complexes that result in high residual aluminium in the treated water and this was confirmed by TEM and Zeta analysis. Moreover, the application of PACl also resulted in much lesser addition to the TDS and also required lesser lime for pH compensation due to its lower acidity. Hence this reduced dose was recommended for defluoridation. It was also observed that in case of alum, residual aluminium in treated water was 0.88 mg/L (100% dose) & 0.72 mg/L (80% dose) and in case of PACl, it was 0.52 mg/L(100% dose) & 0.41 mg/L(80% dose). After subsequent microfiltration, residual aluminium was 0.28 & 0.21 mg/L for 100% & 80% dose respectively and in case of alum and in case of PACl, it was 0.16 & 0.11 for 100% & 80% dose respectively, which conform to the Al standards(<0.2 mg/L).

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.224-232
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• 1999

Latent heat storage system using micro-encapsuled phase change material is effective method for floor heating of house and building. The temperature profile in capsule block and flow rate of hot water are important parameters for the development of heat storage system. In the present study, a mathematical model based on 3-D, non-steady state, Navier-Stokes equations, scalar conservation equations and turbulence model ($\kappa$-$\varepsilon$), is used to predict the temperature profiles in capsule and the velocity vectors in hot water pipe. The multi-block grids and fine grids embedding are used to join the circle in hot water pipe and square in capsule block. The phase change process of the capsule is quite complex not only because the size of phase change material is very small, but also because phase change material is mixed with the cement to form thermal storage block. In calculation, it's assumed that the phenomena of phase change is limited only the thermal properties of phase change material and the change of boundary is not happened in capsule. The purpose of this study is to calculate the temperature profiles in capsule block and velocity vectors in hot water pipe using the numerical calculation. Two kinds of thermal boundary condition were considered, the first (case 1) is the adiabatic condition for the both outside surfaces of the wall, the second (case 2) is the case in which one surface is natural convection with atmosphere and another surface is adaibatic. Calculation results are shown that the temperature profile in capsule block for case 1 is higher than that for case 2 due to less heat loss in adaibatic surface. Specially, in the domain of near Y=0, the difference of temperature is greater in case 1 than in case 2. The detailed experimental data of capsule block on the temperature profile and the thermal properties such as specific heat and coefficient of heat transfer with the various temperature are required to predict more exact phenomena of heat transfer.