• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2010

The uses of the polypropylene bulk bags having the loading capacities more than 500 kg are increasing in Korea recently as a storage container for rough rice. This study was performed to obtain the basic information on the changes of temperature and relative humidity in the bulk-bag-stored high moisture rough rice during waiting for drying. At the moisture content more than 22% on wet weight basis of paddy, the bulk-bag inside temperature rose up to more than $40^{\circ}C$ and then slid down during storage. For example, in case of Hwaseongbyeo, 26.5% moisture content of rough rice (MCRR) harvested at 46 days after heading (DAH) showed $54.5^{\circ}C$ of peak temperature at 66.8 hours after bulk-bag loading, 22.5% MCRR harvested at 52 DAH exhibited $42.0^{\circ}C$ at 81.1 hours, and 19.7% MCRR harvested at 55 DAH displayed $38.9^{\circ}C$ at 119.0 hours. There were a good linear relationship between peak temperatures of bulk-bag inside and moisture contents of paddy ($r^2$=0.89 in 2005, and 0.87 in 2006), while the slope and intercept of the linear regression equation was affected by the environmental conditions such as ambient temperatures and microbial flora. The peak temperatures increased with the rate of about $2.74-3.33^{\circ}C$ per every 1% increase of moisture content at higher moisture contents of paddy than 19%. The relative humidity varied depending on bulk-bag inside temperature and rough rice moisture content, and showed the range of 94.2% to 99.9% in the central point of the bulk-bag. The results suggested that a rapid drying treatment as soon as possible was needed to produce a good quality of rice when the paddy of high moisture more than 22% on wet basis was harvested in a bulk-bag especially at high ambient temperature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2016

This study was carried out to identify the optimum seeding dates for selecting a double-cropping system and to assess the effect of polyethylene film mulching on the yield of Proso millet. Seeds of the varieties Hwanggeumgijang and Ibaegchal were sown in Miryang on five different dates: 1st (May 25), 2nd (June 15), 3rd (June 25), 4th (July 5), and 5th (July 15), with and without polyvinyl mulching. The varieties have different characteristics, for example, Hwanggeumgijang is an early-maturing type and more sensitive to temperature, whereas Ibaegchal is a medium-maturing type and more sensitive to the duration for which it is exposed to sunlight. Late-sown Hwanggeumgijang had a short heading date from seeding and required a low accumulated temperature. It also had a shorter period of heading, a shorter culm length and a shorter diameter of stem. In contrast, it had had a higher number of ears $per\;m^2$ although similar ear length and similar 1000-grain weight. The yield potential of Hwanggeumgijang was found to decrease at a late seeding date. In particular, it significantly decreased at the seeding date of July 15. In the case of cultivation with polyvinyl mulching, the period of heading was shorter by 2-4 days and the yield potential was increased by approximately 12-32%. The length and diameter of culm in Ibaegchal were slowly decreased, but the length of ear, the 1000-grain weight and the yield potential were similar for all seeding dates (except July 15) and cultivation with and without mulching. When sown late, the length and diameter of the culm of Ibaegchal very rapidly decreased by the July 15 seeding date. The protein content of Ibaegchal was higher but the amlyose content of Ibaechal was lower compared to Hwanggeumgijang. At late seeding dates, the protein contents of the two varieties increased but the amylose contents were similar.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 1979

The position of any point on the earth's surface can be. represented in the spherical coordinates by surface spherical harmonics. Since geomagnetic field is a function of position on the earth, it can be also expressed by spherical harmonic analysis as spherical harmonics of trigonometric series of $a_m({\theta})$ cos $m{\phi}$ and $b_m({\theta})$ sin $m{\phi}$. Coefficients of surface spherical harmonics, $a_m({\theta})$ and $b_m({\theta})$, can be drawn from the components of the geomagnetic field, declination and inclination, and vice versa. In this paper, components of geomagnetic field, declination and inclination in the Korean peninsula are obtained by spherical harmonic analysis using the Gauss coefficients calculated from the world-wide magnetic charts of 1960. These components correspond to the values of normal geomagnetic field having no disturbances of subsurface mass, structure, and so on. The vertical and total components offer the zero level for the interpretation of geomagnetic data obtained by magnetic measurement in the Korean peninsula. Using this zero level, magnetic anomaly map is obtained from the data of airborne magnetic. prospecting carried out during 1958 to 1960. The conclusions of this study are as follows; (1) The intensity of horizontal component of normal geomagnetic field in Korean peninsula ranges from $2{\times}10^4$ gammas to $2.45{\times}10^4$ gammas. It decreases about 500 with the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in latitude. Along the same. latitude, it increases 250 gammas with the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in longitude. (2) Intensity of vertical component ranges from $3.85{\times}10^4$ gammas to $5.15{\times}10^4$ gammas. It increases. about 1000 gammas with the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in latitude. Along the same latitude, it decreases. 150~240 gammas with the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in longitude. Decreasing rate is considerably larger in higher latitude than in lower latitude. (3) Total intensity ranges from $4.55{\times}10^4$ gammas to $5.15{\times}10^4$ gammas. It increases 600~700 gammas with the increament of $1^{\circ}$ in latitude. Along the same latitude, it decreases 10~90 gammas. with the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in longitude. Decreasing rate is considerably larger in higher latitude as the case of vertical component. (4) The declination ranges from $-3.8^{\circ}$ to $-11.5^{\circ}$. It increases $0.6^{\circ}$ with the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in latitude. Along the same latutude, it increases $0.6^{\circ}$ with the increment of l O in longitude. Unlike the cases of vertical and total component, the rate of change is considerably larger in lower latitude than in higher latitude. (5) The inclination ranges from $57.8^{\circ}$ to $66.8^{\circ}$. It increases about $1^{\circ}$ with 'the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in latitude Along the same latitude, it dereases $0.4^{\circ}$ with the increment of $1^{\circ}$ in longitude. (6) The Boundaries of 5 anomaly zones classified on the basis of the trend and shape of anomaly curves correspond to the geologic boundaries. (7) The trend of anomaly curves in each anomaly zone is closely related to the geologic structure developed in the corresponding zone. That is, it relates to the fault in the 3rd zone, the intrusion. of granite in the 1st and 5th zones, and mountains in the 2nd and 4th zones.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 2010

Gold and silver deposits within the Eunjeok and Sangeun mines are located in Yeongam district, Cheollanamdo-province. They are composed of vein ore bodies infilling the fractures of Cretaceous rhyolitic tuff. The Eunjeok mine have three gold and silver bearing hydrothermal veins which is infilling the fracture of rhyolitic tuff. Major ore minerals within the Eunjeok and Sangeun mines are arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena and minor ores are electrum, native silver and argentite. Sericitization is dominant in alteration zone and chloritization and dickitization is minor. Quartz veins in the Eunjeok and Sangeun mine have the similar paragenesis and vein textures such like breccia, crustiform, comb and vuggy morphology indicating the formation of typical epithermal environment. In order to carry out the preliminary feasibility study of mine according to the commodity and elucidate the occurrence features of mineral resources from Eunjeok and Sangeun mine, common commodity (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mo, W, Au and U), and industrial commodity (In, Re, Ga, Ge, Se, Te, Y, Eu and Sm) for 17 ore specimen were analyzed. It is tentatively thought that there is no exploitable mine for iron, lead, zinc, copper, tungsten and uranium based on the preliminary result. If the reserves are secured through the detailed prospecting in case of molybdenum and silver, it is tentatively thought that there will be exploitable deposits depending on international metal price. If we assume the vein width from 0.25 m to 2 m including alteration zone with the gold grade of 80g/t, it is inferred that the resources amount of the Eunjeok-Sangeun mines range from 6.5 to 65ton. However, as the vein structure of the Eunjeok and Sangeun mines is developed together with alteration zone, it should be estimated to include potential alteration zone in order to yield the average grade. It is needed to carry out more exploration in the near future because the reserves can be flexibly estimated according to the change of average grade considering the alteration zone.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2004

This work was conducted to provide the reference data of radioactivity in the foodstuffs at a radiological emergency situation in Jeju Island The sampled foodstuffs were agricultural (31), livestock (6), marine (12) and forest products (4), and processed foods (3) consumed by Jeju Islanders. $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$ activities were determined by HPGe r-ray spectromety. The activity ranges of $^{137}Cs$ was ${\sim}650\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the agricultural products, ${\sim}131\;mBq/kg$. fresh in the livestock, ${\sim}834\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the forest, ${\sim}253\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the marine and $32.0{\sim}483\;mBq/kg$. fresh in the processed foods (tea). In case of $^{40}K$ the activity was $16.6{\sim}542\;Bq/kg$. fresh in the agricultural products, $39.1{\sim}294\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the livestock, $85.5{\sim}116\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the forest, $50.1{\sim}657\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the marine, and $33.6{\sim}1,065\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the processed foods (tea). The highest activity of $^{137}Cs$, 834mBq/kg fresh was observed in oak mushroom and $^{40}K$ 1,065 Bq/kg fresh in coffee. Annual effective doses of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$ by intake of foodstuffs per capita were the following order; agricultural products (66,543 nSv) > livestock products (19,311 nSv) > processed foods (6,648 nSv) > marine products (6,579 nSv) > forest products (860 nSv). Therefore, total annual effective dose was summed 99,941 nSv which is quite low level comparing to the annual effective dose by external exposure, 2,400,000 nSv. The data obtained in this study can be useful for monitoring whether the foodstuffs are contaminated or not at an emergency radiation accident, and showed that the foodstuffs consumed in Jeju are safe in terms of annual effective dose of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2011

The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the stability of products according to the storage methods, the period of use, and the diurnal variations through the short term stability experiment of recombinunt protein A (rProtein A) produced in AP Tech Co. That is, we investigated how long the stability of the products would last, when we used the samples frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$, which is one of the storage conditions of the produced rProtein A and then kept them refrigerated at $4^{\circ}C$. The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks and 6 experiment points were established. The experiment was done by thawing the samples frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ at room temperature, and then refrigerating them at $4^{\circ}C$. In addition, experiments for endotoxin, bioburden, HPLC purity, and concentration were conducted. As a result of the experiment, 0.5 EU/mg endotoxin was detected both at the beginning and at the 8th week and bioburden was not analyzed. In the case of purity, it showed 99.23~99.90% at 210 nm (RSD% 0.23%) and 100% at 280 nm, which meant the change into other materials didn't happen and there was no material degradation characteristics. Finally, we also found the fact that the concentration stayed stable at 55.15 mg/mL (RSD% 0.55%) both at the beginning and at the end. From the experiment results, we were able to conclude that the stability at the condition to store rProtein A at 4 oC for 8 weeks was procured without producing microorganisms or having material degradation characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2003

This study was executed to evaluate the utilization and efficiency of the ceramic biocarrier as the promoter of decomposing on the organic matters for the composting using with pig manure by analyzing of the physico-chemical properties during composting. The treatments of this experiment were consisted of the control(C),microorganism(M), M with natural zeolite(M+Z), M with synthesized zeolite(M+SZ), and M with ceramic biocarrier(M+CZ). The process term of composting was conducted for 30days in the rapidly fermented machine(as pilot system). The results of the physico-chemical properties of the composts were as follows. The changes of temperature during composting was not relative with the microorganism and zeolite materials used in the composts. At all of the treatments were similar to changing of temp. from the initial stage to the final stage. But the added microorganism treatments were higher than control. And the entire pH value of treatments were appeared the same that above temperature result, also the M+CZ and M+SZ treatment among the treatment were higher. At the results of T-C, T-N and C/N ratio, in case of T-C value, the M+CZ treatment was highly more decreased than others. However at the T-N value, there were not the differences from the each treatment. And the C/N ratio was changed according to the changes of T-C and T-N value. Especially, at the M+CZ aud M+SZ treatments were remarkably reduced by about 21.4-23.3 value. In the result of G.I for evaluating of the compost humidity, the M+CZ and M+SZ treatments were close up approximately 110 value compared with the control(G.I value 100). Therefore, the examined ceramic biocarrier amended with compost-promoting-bacteria could be applied to the production of many high quality fertilizers. It is also expected that the results of this researches could be applied to the recycle of the organic wastes based on the experimental results of ceramic biocarrier and compost-promoting-bacteria application.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.118-126
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• 2012

In this study, two types of ozone generating experimental instrument were installed in commercial livestock manure fertilization facility, which can treat hundred tons of pig manure in a day. Gas samples to be treated were collected from the upper part of the liquid fertilization system and composting system of the commercial livestock manure fertilization facility. The gas sample was flowed to oxidation reactor through pipe line by suction blower, therefore, contacted with ozone. Ammonia and sulfur compounds of gas samples collected from the inlet and outlet point of the experimental instrument were analyzed. The oxidation effect by the contact with ozone was higher in sulfur compounds than ammonia. Ammonia content was reduced about 10% by ozone contact. Sulfur compounds, on the other hand, reduced significantly while treated with ozone. In case of gas sample collected from liquid fertilization system, the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) of inlet gas were 50.091, 4.9089, 27.8109 and 0.4683 ppvs, respectively. After oxidized by ozone, the concentrations of sulfur compounds were 1.2317, 0.3839, 14.7279 and 0.3145 ppvs, respectively. Another sample collected from aerobic composting system was oxidized in the same conditions. The concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS and DMDS of the sample collected from inlet point of the reactor were 40.6682, 1.3675, 24.2458 and 0.8289 ppvs, respectively. After oxidized, the concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS, and DMDS were reduced to 3.013, ND, 8.8998 and 0.3651 ppvs, respectively. By application of another type of ozone, the concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS and DMDS of inlet gas were reduced from 43.397, 1.4559, 3.6021 and 0.4061 to ND, ND, ND, and 0.21ppvs, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate residual characteristics of tolclofos-methyl in ginseng and elucidate the reason for its high detection rate from fresh ginseng selling at markets. Seeds of ginseng were sowed after seed dressing with tolclofos-methyl and after a year of growth, the young seedlings were transplanted to field. They were then harvested annually until three-years of growth and the pesticide residue was analyzed in them. LOD and LOQ of the pesticide were 0.001 and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively. Recovery test was carried out to validate the analytical method for tolclofos-methyl in ginseng. The ginseng seedlings were fortified with the test pesticide at the level of LOQ, ten times of LOQ and maximum residue concentration of tolclofos-methyl. Its recovery ranged from 77.37 to 100.16%. Residual concentration of tolclofos-methyl in ginseng seedlings just before transplanting and two-year-old ginseng were from 7.58 to 8.05 and from 6.46 to 6.79 mg/kg, respectively. In case of three-year-old ginseng, it was found to be from 4.18 to 4.35 mg/kg. As a result of annual pesticide residue analysis, concentration of the pesticide was found to decrease time-coursely in ginseng. This may be due to decomposition and increasing of fresh weight of the ginseng during the cultivation periods of three years.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.364-368
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• 2012

In vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of microbial agents on tomato disease occurrences in a sustainable tomato farm in Gong-ju, Chung-nam during 2 years (2010-2011). Two kind of commercial microbial agents (EXTN-1 and Cillus suspension concentrate) and 2 kind of microbial agents (Bacillus subtilis strain 'B4' and 'B17') developing by National academy of agricultural science were used in this study. In the 1st experimental year, the microbial agents were sprayed on leaves for 2-4 times at 1-2 weeks interval from 3 weeks after transplanting, and then disease occurrence were observed. As a result, the control efficacies of commercial EXTN-1 and Cillus suspension concentrate (SC) against gray mold were 59.6% and 50.5% in the treatment of 4 times foliar application at 1 week interval from 3 weeks after transplanting, and the control efficacy of commercial EXTN-1 SC against gray mold was 55.4% in the treatment of 3 times foliar application at 1 week interval from 4 weeks after transplanting. However, the control efficacies of EXTN-1 and Cillus SC were not enough for tomato crop protection against powdery mildew. In the 2nd experimental year, the microbial agents were treated following by the planned combination schedule of transplanting stage drip-watering, early stage root irrigation and early blooming stage foliar application. The control efficacies of EXTN-1 SC and B17 treatment following by transplanting stage drip-watering, 2 times root irrigation at 2 weeks interval root irrigation and 4 times foliar application at 1 weeks interval for gray mold management were 57.0 and 55.1%, respectively. In the case of same treatment for gray mold management mentioned at above, the control efficacies of EXTN-1 SC, B4 and B17 treatment for powdery mildew management were 50.5, 51.3 and 52.5%, respectively.