• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권spc호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2010

Specific diseases like cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) occur at various organs including lymphatics and spread through lymphatic system. Thus, if therapeutic agents for such diseases are more distributed or targeted to lymphatic system, we can obtain several advantages like reduction of systemic side effect and increase of efficacy. For these reasons, much interest has been focused on the nature of lymphatics and a lot of studies for lymphatic delivery of drugs have been carried out. Because lymphatics consist of single layer endothelium and have high permeability compared with blood capillaries, especially, the studies using nano-sized carriers have been performed. Polymeric nano-particle, liposome, and lipid-based vehicle have been adopted for lymphatic delivery as carriers. According to the administration route and the kind of carrier, the extent of lymphatic delivery efficiency of nano-sized carriers has been changed and influenced by several factors such as size, charge, hydrophobicity and surface feature of carrier. In this review, we summarized the key factors which affect lymphatic uptake and the major features of carriers for achieving the lymphatic delivery. Lymphatic delivery of drug using nano-sized carriers has many fold improved ability of lymphatic delivery compared with that of conventional dosage forms, but it has not shown whole lymph selectivity yet. Even though nano-sized carriers still have the potential and worth to study as lymphatic drug delivery technology as before, full understanding of delivery mechanism and influencing factors, and setting of pharmacokinetic model are required for more ideal lymphatic delivery of drug.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

Recently, in power system studies, Multiple Energy Carriers (MECs) such as Energy Hub has been broadly utilized in power system planners and operators. Particularly, Energy Hub performs one of the most important role as the intermediate in implementing the MECs. However, it still needs to be put under examination in both modeling and operating concerns. For instance, a probabilistic optimization model is treated by a robust global optimization technique such as multi-agent genetic algorithm (MAGA) which can support the online economic dispatch of MECs. MAGA also reduces the inevitable uncertainty caused by the integration of selected input energy carriers. However, MAGA only considers current state of the integration of selected input energy carriers in conjunctive with the condition of smart grid environments for decision making in Energy Hub. Thus, in this paper, we propose an immune algorithm based Multiple Energy Carriers System which can adopt the learning process in order to make a self decision making in Energy Hub. In particular, the proposed immune algorithm considers the previous state, the current state, and the future state of the selected input energy carriers in order to predict the next decision making of Energy Hub based on the probabilistic optimization model. The below figure shows the proposed immune algorithm based Multiple Energy Carriers System. Finally, we will compare the online economic dispatch of MECs of two algorithms such as MAGA and immune algorithm based MECs by using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS).

• 무역상무연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.155-181
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• 2001

International Trade has led to the increase of the demand of international transport, and also the development of international transport not only incurs claims concerning transportation but also establishes various international rules to settle the claims between the shippers and carriers incurred in the course of transport. With a view to settling the claims successfully, the men who are concerned in the transport have to know the principle and scopes of carrier's liability. In this paper, I would like to find out the scopes of liability of multimodal carriers based on the principles of liability. In order to perform the purpose of this study, I classify the liability principle of the international carrier under the UNs Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Good(1980) and UNCTDAD/ICC Rules(1991) in three system-Network Liability System, Uniform Liability System and Modified Liability System. And that I show the results-the scopes of multimodal carriers' liability based on the UN's Multimodal Convention(1980) and the ICC/UNCTAD Rules(1991), and transport vehicles.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.17-28
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• 1999

Concerns related to the safety of bulk carriers we, most of all, the increasing number of bulk carrier accidents which amount to 425 during last 20 years; half of them are totally lost. A number of bulk tarriers are still missing. Bulk carrier safety has become an international issue since 1995. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) embarked on the legislation as a countermeasure to the increasing number of the bulk carrier accidents. The IMO discussed in the safety of bulk carriers including the strength of transverse watertight bulkheads, especially when the ship carries high density cargoes and the damage stability of bulk carriers in the flooded condition. In this study, statistics and causes of accidents of bulk carriers are analyzed in order to identify special features of bulk carrier accident and causes of the casualty. This study examines certain cases of hull collapses and severence which resulted in sinking to infer possible causes of missing ships.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.34-37
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• 2005

While all-aluminum front end carriers have been frequently used by major foreign auto-makers, the carriers domestically produced are typically hybrid types. It is understood that higher fuel efficiency due to weight reduction can be achieved by using aluminum carriers because of aluminum's light weight. Moreover, aluminum is expected to posess high corrosion resistance and recyling rate. As a first step to enhance feasibility of domestic production of all-aluminum carriers, several carriers made by advanced auto makers are examined and compared. Besides basic characteristics such as appearance and weight, physical properties including composition, strength and elongation are carefully analyzed to obtain critical design and process factors.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 1992

To evaluate the possible route of intrafamilial transmission among carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen ($HB_sAg$), epidemiologic and serologic data were obtained on 107 household contacts of 35 carriers of HBsAg and on 71 household contacts of 25 controls who were negative for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus. The HBsAg prevalence was 26.5% among the contacts of carriers compared to 0.0% among the contacts of controls. And the combined prevalence for all hepatitis markers was 48.5% among the contacts of carriers compared to 26.0% among the contacts of controls(p<0.05). Especially the offspring of carriers showed significantly higher risk in the combined prevalence for all hepatitis markers (p<0.05). There were no significant relationship between HBV infection and past history like acupuncture, transfusion, operation and tattooed. Factors associated with the risk of intrafamilial transmission of HBV were not found in the sharing of household articles such as razor, towel, drinking glass, nail clippers, toothbrush and tableware.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2013

Purpose - This study attempts to examine the underlying dimensions of service quality (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy) for low-cost carriers. It subsequently seeks to determine the effect of the relationships of the dimensions of service quality, airline image, and behavioral intentions on airline services to provide adequate basic information and attributes for developing differentiated and competitive service marketing strategies. Research design, data, and methodology - The survey for this study was conducted on patrons with low-cost carrier boarding experiences in districts near universities and central businesses of Seoul and Busan from 5/10/2012 to 16/10/2012. Out of 346 questionnaires, 20 questionnaires with missing data and insincere answers were excluded for this study. Collected data were processed using SPSS 18.0, and the hypothesis was verified by analyzing the structural equation model with Lisrel 8.54. First, the frequency analysis was conducted to identify universal characteristics. Second, the exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to identify the accuracy of the variable measurements of the construct. Third, to assess uni-dimensionality and reliability, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Finally, to verify the adequacy of the research model and research hypothesis, the structural model was employed. Results - The results revealed that the factors, "tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy" were shown to be the most important dimensions of service quality for the airline image of the low-cost carrier which was consistent with previous studies. Therefore, it is fair to suggest that these verified factors are crucial attributes for the brand image of low-cost carriers. Second, as reliability and responsiveness were shown to be the most important factors for behavioral intentions, it is viable to suggest that these two attributes are crucial for the sales value of low-cost carriers. Further, it was found that the brand image of low-cost carriers was closely related to behavioral intentions. Therefore, in order to ensure the competitiveness and loyalty of patrons, the airline image value is a crucial attribute. Conclusions - The result of this study established that service quality is the most important attribute for marketing to ensure competitiveness, and intensive and differentiated service marketing play a crucial role in creating profits for low-cost carrier companies. First, as tangibility is found to be the most crucial factor in ensuring service quality, quality control and maintenance of medium and small carriers must be provided to ensure reliability, as they are the main attributes of low-cost carriers. Second, in order to promote positive behavioral intentions, it is essential to enhance the value of airline image. Third, in order to ensure competitiveness, it is imperative to carry out intensive and differentiated service marketing. Therefore, to promote the image of low-cost carriers and enhance behavioral intentions, the level of service quality must be secured by developing appropriate service improvement programs.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.125-145
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• 2018

발틱해운거래소는 건화물 해상무역 지수인 BDI(Baltic Dry Index) 지수를 발표하고 있는데, BDI 지수는 철광석, 석탄, 곡물 등 주요 건화물을 운송하는 벌크선박의 평균 용선료를 의미한다. 현재 BDI 산출의 기초가 되는 용선료 데이터는 케이프사이즈 40%, 파나막스 30%, 스프라막스 30%의 비중으로 반영되고 있다. 이처럼 케이프사이즈는 건화물 시장을 구성하는 다양한 사이즈의 선박 중에서도 대장 역할을 담당하고 있다. 본 연구는 벡터오차수정모형(Vector Error Correction Model; VECM)을 활용하여 변수 간의 인과관계를 검증하였으며, 이를 통해 케이프사이즈 용선료에 영향을 미치는 변수 간의 장기균형모델을 도출하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 케이프사이즈 선복량 1% 증가시 용선료 0.08% 감소, 엔달러 환율 1% 증가시 0.01% 감소, 세계 GDP 1% 증가시 0.02% 증가, 철광석과 석탄 물동량 1% 증가시 각각 0.11%, 0.09% 증가, 벙커유 가격 1% 증가시 0.04% 증가하는 실증분석 결과를 계측하였다. 벌크선 중 핸디막스, 파나막스급 활용도가 낮아지고 상대적으로 케이프사이즈의 활용도가 높아지고 있는데 본 연구는 케이프사이즈를 대상으로 하여 분석을 수행하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1465-1470
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• 2011

In this study, a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres was fabricated using emulsion solvent evaporation technique. During the procedure fabrication, some parameters process have effected on the formation of micro-carriers. The structure and morphology of micro-carriers were evaluated by SEM observation. Beside, heparin incorporated into microspheres was determined using toluidine blue method. Specifically, the effects of some parameters process such as ultrasonic levels, PLGA concentrations and freeze-dry times on the size, structure, porous formation and heparin entrapment of micro-carriers were studied carefully. We found that, the morphology and structure of carriers were influenced by the all above parameters. The diameter of the carriers varied from 20 to 400 ${\mu}M$ depending on experimental conditions. At suitable freeze-dry time, the pores were automatically formation on surface of microspheres with a significantly in the numbers of pore. After heparin incorporated porous PLGA microspheres, it was suggested that the highly heparin incorporated into porous PLGA microspheres could enhance of angiogenesis for tissue regeneration easily.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2006

The objective of this paper is to calculate the fatigue strength for upper deck hatch corner insert plate of large container carriers without wave load analysis and global finite element analysis at the initial design stage. Wave load analysis and global F.E. analysis for three container carriers have been performed by GL(Germanischer Lloyd) procedure to propose the equation for hatch corner stress range which is the important factor in fatigue strength calculation. Considering the restraining effect of bulkhead, three types of equation, that is, single tight bulkhead, double tight bulkhead and support bulkhead have been proposed. Using the proposed equations, a simplified fatigue analysis based on GL rules has been performed for two container carriers of which fatigue strength analysis was carried out by GL. From the comparison between fatigue strength result of using the proposed equations and that of GL, it has been found that proposed stress range equations are useful for scantling of upper deck hatch corner insert plates for over 8,000 TEU class container carriers.