• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.20-26
• /
• 2008

The objective of the study which utilised population based data was to determine the respiratory condition of elementary school children in Gangneung. From October 9th to December 14th, 2006, Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratoy Volume in I Second $(FEV_1)$ were conducted on the target group of children using a spirometer. The prevalence of asthmatic symptoms was 29.8% among boys and 39.6% among girls. By using logistic regression, we found that family history of allergic rhinitis (OR=3.90, CI=1.05-14.51), experience of allergic conjunctivitis (OR=4.67, CI=1.54-14.16) and atopic dermatitis (OR=2.86, CI=1.17-7.05) significantly increased the asthmatic symptoms. Also, a family history of asthma and food allergy were associated with asthmatic symptoms. In relation to housing and environmental risk factors, residences under the ground (OR=3.59, CI=1.35-9.51) and big-size dolls (OR=2.71, CI=0.86-8.53) significantly increased the prevalence of asthmatic symptoms. For PFT, above four families, exposure of passive smoking and pets significantly reduced FVC in both groups (p<0.05). In girls, a big-size doll was significantly associated with decreased lung function (FVC and $FEV_1$). In boys, using bed significantly reduced $FEV_1$. Also, the risk of asthmatic symptoms was found to increase when the house has been built for 5 years or more, the house is close to a road $({\leq}100m)$, a gas/Kerosene heater or carpet is utilized within the house. However, their differences were not significant. It is concluded that genetic factor such as a family history of respiratory disease, allergic symptoms and housing risk factor are related to asthmatic symptoms. These results were worth noting because the findings will help address risk factors related respiratory symptoms especially in relation to housing and environment.

• 한국조리학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.173-187
• /
• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 호텔 연회 식공간 연출에 대한 중요도와 만족도를 파악하여 호텔 연회의 효율적인 마케팅 방향을 제시하고 호텔 연회 활성화에 유용한 정보를 제공하고자 하는데 있다. 본 연구의 측정은 5점 Likert에 의해 실시되었으며, 그 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 호텔 연회식공간 연출에 관해 고객들은 음식의 맛(4.53점), 음식 재료의 신선도(4.50점), '실내 공간의 청결상태'(4.38점) 등이 중요하다고 인식한 반면에 '바닥의 카펫 모양'(3.68점), '미술품'(3.69점) 등에 대해서는 낮은 중요도를 나타내었다. 연회 식공간 연출에 관한 만족도는 음식재료의 신선도(3.86점), 음식의 맛(3.85점), 실내 공간의 청결 상태(3.74점), 테이블의 전체적인 청결(3.73점) 등에 대해 높은 만족도를 나타낸 반면에 미술품(3.42점), 소품 장식(3.44점), 가구와 악세사리 장식(3.45점) 등은 상대적으로 낮은 만족도를 나타내었다. IPA 결과, 음식 맛, 음식 신선도, 실내 청결, 테이블의 청결성, 연회장의 청결 상태 등은 고객들이 매우 중요하게 여기면서 현재 호텔 연회에서도 잘 지켜지고 있어 계속 유지해 주어야 할 항목으로 나타났고 실내 온도, 음식 기물, 실내 방음, 실내 색상 등은 고객들이 중요하게 여기지만 호텔의 실행도가 낮아 고객 만족도가 떨어지는 것으로 집중적으로 관리해야할 식공간 연출 속성 항목으로 나타났다.

• 원예과학기술지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.489-493
• /
• 1999

한국에 자생하고 있는 Sedum속 12종 15계통에 대하여 형태적 특성을 조사하여 화훼자원으로의 이용가능성을 탐색하고, 수집종들 간의 유연관계를 RAPD방법으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 기린초와 섬기린초는 황색의 꽃이 화총(花叢)을 이루면서 화려하게 피므로 화단용(花壇用)으로, 큰꿩의비름은 분홍색의 화색이 둥글게 모여 피며 화총이 아름다우면서 잎 모양이 독특하여 분화(盆花) 또는 화단용(花壇用)으로, 돌나물, 바위채송화 및 땅채송화 등은 포복형이면서 초장이 낮아 지피식물(地被植物) 및 화단용(花壇用)으로 이용 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다. 18개의 임의 primer를 이용하여 15계통을 RAPD분석한 결과 총 125개 밴드 중 95개의 다형성 밴드를 얻을 수 있었으며, 증폭된 DNA단편들의 크기는 224~3,675bp 사이였다. RAPD 결과 유연계수 0.418에서는 수집한 Sedum속 식물이 3개 군으로 분류되었으며, 유연계수 0.328에서는 총 12개의 종으로 분류되었다. 제I군에는 기린초, 가는기린초 및 섬기린초, 제II군은 꿩의비름, 큰꿩의비름, 새끼꿩의비름 및 둥근잎꿩의비름, 제III군은 돌나물, 바위채송화, 땅채송화로 분류되었다. 본 연구 결과 RAPD 분석에 의한 종간 유연관계가 형태적 특성에 의한 것과 대체로 유사하게 나타났다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.939-942
• /
• 2007

Vacuum cleaner is a close life product that can remove various dusts from our surroundings. However well vacuum cleaner clean our environments, many people are looking away from it, due to its loud noise. Its noise causes a big trouble in the usual life, for example, catch calls, TV watching and discussing etc. To reduce these inconveniences, noise reduction methods and systematic design of low noise vacuum cleaner are studied in this paper. At first, sound quality investigation is performed to get the noise level and quality that make people TV watching and catch calls available. Based on the European and domestic customer SQ survey result, sound power, peak noise level and target sound spectrum guideline are studied and introduced. As a second, precise product sound spectrums are designed into each part based on the sound quality result. Fan-motor, brush, mainbody, cyclone spectrums are decided to get the final target sound based on the contribution level. Fan-motor is the major noise source of vacuum cleaner. Specially, its peak sound, RPM peak and BPF Peak, cause the people nervous. To reduce these peak sounds, high rotating impeller and diffuser are focused due to its interaction. A lot of experimental and numerical tests, operation points are investigated and optimization of flow path area between diffusers is performed. As a bagless device, cyclones are one of the major noise sources of vacuum cleaner. To reduce its noise, previous research is used and adopted well. Brush is the most difficult part to reduce noise. Its noise sources are all comes from aero-acoustic phenomena. Numerical analysis helps the understanding of flow structure and pattern, and a lot of experimental test are performed to reduce the noise. Gaps between the carpet and brush are optimized and flow paths are re-designed to lower the noise. Reduction is performed with keeping the cleaning efficiency and handling power together and much reduction of noise is acquired. With all above parts, main-body design is studied. To do a systematic design, configuration design developments technique is introduced from airplane design and evolved with each component design. As a first configuration, fan-motor installation position is investigated and 10 configuration ideas are developed and tested. As a second step, reduced size and compressed configuration candidates are tested and evaluated by a lot of major factor. Noise, power, mass production availability, size, flow path are evaluated together. If noise reduction configuration results in other performance degrade, the noise reduction configuration is ineffective. As a third configuration, cyclones are introduced and the size is reduced one more time and fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh configuration are evolved with size and design image with noise and other performance indexes. Finally we can get a overall much noise level reduction configuration. All above investigations are adopted into vacuum cleaner design and final customer satisfaction tests in Europe are performed. 1st grade sound quality and lowest noise level of bagless vacuum cleaner are achieved.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 2016

Background: In this article, it was analyzed how snow melting affects the assembly of lichen and moss communities in a small area of the coastal region of Barton Peninsula, which is in maritime Antarctic. In the small area, even though there is a huge gap of difference of the environment between the snow-filled area and snow-melt one, the latter did not have distinctive environmental gradients. Results: Depending on the snow melting time, coverage and species diversity of lichens and mosses tend to increase remarkably. For species with significant changes depending on the snow-covered period, there are Andreaea regularis, crustose lichens, Placopsis contortuplicata, Usnea aurantiaco-atra, and snow algae. In this area, the process of vegetation assembly process has shown the directional development in the order of snow algae${\rightarrow}$crustose, lichen sub-formation${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, moss cushion sub-formation (Andreaea sociation)${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, and moss cushion sub-formation (Usnea sociation), according to the order of snow melting. These directional development stages are shown in gradual change in small area with the snow melting phenomena. However, in the snow-free area, where water is sufficiently supplied, it is expected that moss carpet sub-formation (Sanionia sociation) will be developed. Vegetation development in the small area with the snow melting phenomena, depending on differences of resistance on snow kill and moisture settled by species in according to the time of snow melting, tolerance model to form community is followed. Conclusions: The research results explain the development of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra and its spatial distribution according to the period for growth of lichens and mosses in the summer time by differences of snow melting in the small area. In the future, if research for the community development process in a large scale will be done, it will be helpful to figure out temporal and spatial dynamic of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra where snow and glaciers melt rapidly due to climatic warming.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.178-188
• /
• 2015

This study has the main objective of being of help as a reference data for the application of the finishing materials when designing the interior of the chapel of the church space through analysis of the finishing materials against the chapels of church space which has complex function. As precedent studies for this, the composition of the function and concept of the church space was surveyed and the complex function of the church space was surveyed. The theoretical surveyed was performed according to the casual composition, behavior of the community and role and location of the duties of the church members. The case objects were 10 chapels constructed by 5 professional interior design companies. The content of the analysis was the finishing materials in the chapels and their application characteristics. The detailed considerations to be referred to when designing the interior of the chapels of church space in the future were proposed. The analysis result of the application of the finishing materials according to the locational function of the chapels of church space can be explained as follows. First, the platform area was the characteristic of applying finishing materials which induce visual immersion. As for the floor materials in the platform, in order to minimize the floor sound and vibration phenomenon occurring during movements, noise insulation and dust protection rubber sheet was place and on top of it the floor or the carpet was placed. Second, the Choir area had the difficult problem of having to consider the appropriate sound absorption occurring due to the proliferation of sound and performance of classical instruments at the same time. However, in the case, this problem was solved through the sculptures of convex shape. Third, since the scheelite is a space where many people move around, the finishing material which absorbs sound was mainly used. Fourth, the entrance area was composed of thick wall materials compared to other walls, and the sound absorption character was most significantly considered when applying the finishing material. Fifth, the broadcasting room was composed either in independent type or an open type and performed its function and the main finishing materials was transparent glass which was highest use frequency.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제35권6호
• /
• pp.612-620
• /
• 2019

서울공예박물관에 소장된 모담방장(毛毯房帳)은 경사에 면사를 두고 위사에 모사를 두어 평직(平織)으로 짠 것이다. 문양 부분은 타피스트리(Tapestry)로 제직하고, 안료를 덧칠하였다. 색도를 측정하고, X선 형광분석에 의한 성분 분석 결과 진한 붉은 색의 문양에서는 수은(Hg)이 검출되어 주사(Cinnabar)나 합성안료인 주(Vermilion)로 추정하였다. 직물의 경사와 위사, 선단 및 후면 직물 등 총 7개의 직물 시료에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 모담방장의 경사는 섬유단면에 가운데 중공(루멘)이 있는 면섬유로, Infrared 피크도 마찬가지로 O-H 결합과 C-O 결합이 나타난다. 위사인 모섬유는 원형과 타원형의 단면이 확인되며, Infrared 피크는 N-H/O-H Stretching, Amide(-CONH-)을 보였다. 모섬유에 사용된 동물종을 확인하기 위해 문화재청의 동물털 시료와 대조분석 결과, 산양이나 염소털을 사용한 것으로 추정되며, 방적에 용이한 삽살개 털도 사용했을 가능성도 배제할 수 없다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.182-197
• /
• 1993

조하대 해조군집은 뚜렷하지는 않지만 상${\cdot}$중${\cdot}$하부로 구분되었다. 상부는 S. saganmianum, P. lanceolata, G. tenella, P. capillacea 등의 직립분기형으로 구성되었고, 투명도가 높은 지역에서는 수심 $3{\sim}5$까지이며, 탁도의 간섭에 의해 확장될 수 있었다. 중부는 투명도가 높은 외양역에서만 형성되었고, 그 범위는 $5{\sim}20m$ 사이이며, E. cava, Sargassum spp. 등의 대형갈조류에 의해 대표되며, 탁도가 높은 외양역에서는 상부에서 하부로 바로 이행하였다. 하부는 투명도가 높은 외양역은 중부와 이질적인 식생으로 보기 어렵고, 환경압박에 따른 양적인 차이로서 이해되었다. 출현종의 식물지리적 분포를 볼 때 본 조사지를 2 구역으로 나눌 수 있었다. 문섬의 구성종이 지리적 불연속을 이루는 것은 수온차에 의한다고 판단되었다. 문섬의 식생특성은 출현종수는 내만역의 도서보다 적으나 고유종이 많고, 다육질형 대형갈조류의 구성비가 높고, 종다양도 및 생체량은 거문도, 여서도 등과 유사하였다. 문섬을 제외한 9개 섬은 식생의 연속성을 나타내지만, 풍도의 차이가 있었다. 이중 관탈도, 여서도, 거문도, 추자도, 홍도는 투명도가 높은 외양역에 위치하며, 식생의 풍도가 유사하여 외양성 식생구로 뚜렷히 구분할 수 있었다. 반면 만재도, 소리도, 욕지도, 비진도는 비교적 고탁도대 내측에 위치하여 외양도서에 비해 풍도가 낮게 나타났으나, 분류군의 구성비로 볼 때 외양성 식생구의 성격을 띄고 있는 이행단계의 식생구라고 판단되었다. 그리고 이러한 식생의 구분에 있어서 탁도에 따른 조하대 E. cava 군락의 유무가 매우 중요함을 시사하였다.

• 미술이론과 현장
• /
• 제13호
• /
• pp.35-71
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this essay is to examine the responses of artists on nuclear experiences through an analysis of the nuclear images represented in contemporary Japanese art. Japan has previously as twice experienced nuclear disaster in 20th century. The first atomic bombs were dropped in 1945 as well as the 5th Fukuryumaru, Japanese pelagic fishing boat, exposed by hydrogen bomb test operated by the US in 1954 nearby Bikini atoll. Due to Tsunami taken place by the great earthquake that caused the meltdown of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in March 2010, Japan is being experienced a nuclear disaster again. Despite practical experiences, comtemporary Japanese art has avoided the subject of nuclear disasters since the end of the Asia-Pacific War for a variety of reasons. Firstly, GHQ prohibited to record or depict the terrible effect of atomic bomb until 1946. Secondly, Japanese government has tried to sweep the affair under the carpet quite a while a fact of nuclear damage to their people. Because Japan has produced numerous war record paintings during the Second World War, in the aftermath of the defeated war, most of Japanese artists thought that dealing with politics, economics, and social subject was irrelevant to art as well as style of amateur in order to erase their melancholic memory on it. In addition, silence that was intended to inhibit victims of nuclear disasters from being provoked psychologically has continued the oblivion on nuclear disasters. For these reasons, to speak on nuclear bombs has been a kind of taboo in Japan. However, shortly after the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, the artist couple Iri and Toshi Maruki visited to ruin site as a volunteer for Victim Relief. They portrayed the horrible scenes of the legacy of nuclear bomb since 1950 based on their observation. Under the condition of rapid economical growth in 1960s and 1970s, Japanese subculture such as comics, TV animations, plastic model, and games produced a variety of post apocalyptic images recalling the war between the USA and Japanese militarism, and battle simulation based on nuclear energy. While having grown up watching subculture emerged as Japan Neo-Pop in 1990s, New generation appreciate atomic images such as mushroom cloud which symbolizes atomic bomb of Hiroshima. Takashi Murakami and other Neo-Pop artists appropriate mushroom cloud image in their work. Murakami curated three exhibitions including and persists in superflat and infantilism as an evidence in order to analyze contemporary Japanese society. However, his concept, which is based on atomic bomb radiation exposure experience only claimed on damage and sacrifice, does not reflect Japan as the harmer. Japan has been constructing nuclear power plants since 1954 in the same year when the 5th Fukuryumaru has exposed until the meltdown of Fukushima Nuclear Plant although took place of nuclear radiation exposures of Three Mile and Chernobyl. Due to the exploding of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, Japan reconsiders the danger of nuclear disaster. In conclusion, the purpose of this paper may be found that the sense of victim which flowed in contemporary art is able to inquire into the response of artist on the subject of nuclear as well as the relationship between society, politics, culture, and modern history of Japan and international political situation.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations in gait parameters in terms of the type of arm sling used in hemiplegic patients. Ten patients with hemiplegia and ten healthy adults participated in this study and walked at self-selected speeds on a GAITRite-instrumented carpet. The activities of the opposite shoulder girdle muscle including the latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, and posterior deltoid were simultaneously recorded using surface EMG during gait. They were randomly assigned a condition: without an arm sling, a single strap arm sling, a Harris hemi arm sling, a Rolyan humeral cuff arm sling, and a Bobath roll arm sling. The following gait variables were analyzed: the temporo-spatial parameters of velocity, step length, stride length, swing phase, stance phase, single support, step time and toe in/toe out. The statistical analysis was one-way ANOVA with repeated measures to compare the variation of each variable. In comparison of parameters in each trial in the hemiplegia group, the non-affected side stride length, single support, and toe in/toe out resulted in statistically significantly changes (p<.05). But without an arm sling group did not show any gait parameter differences with arm slings. This study found that several arm slings varied gait patterns in patients with hemiplegia and in healthy adults. In the EMG analysis, the Rolyan humeral cuff arm sling and the Bobath roll arm sling were higher muscle activity for the latissimus dorsi muscle than did the single strap ann sling. Further study should examine the problems that appeared in patients who worn arm slings by focusing on a larger number of subjects and by studying the variety of responses in more detail using an assessment tool that measures variation.