• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2016

This study analyzes the effects of caring for grandchildren on Korean grandparents' health, using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging from 2006 to 2012. We investigate how caregiving is provided and analyze the effects of caregiving on grandparents' physical health, mental health, and health-related behaviors. As elderly people's health is generally frail, it is unclear whether the provision of childcare affects their health negatively. We control for the endogeneity of caregiving by an individual fixed effect (FE) model and instrumental variable-fixed effect (FE-IV) models. Using these models, we determine the endogeneity of caregiving and show that the significant effects of caregiving on health disappear as we control for endogeneity in the FE and FE-IV models. Even after controlling for endogeneity, we find that caregiving increases the probability of feeling pain as well as the number of different types of pain. Furthermore, caregiving increases the probability of restrictions on daily activities because of pain. On the other hand, caregiving reduces the symptoms of depression. In relation to health-related behaviors, caregiving reduces the probability of physical exercise and regular meals. Our results imply that although caregiving has a positive effect on mental health, the increase in physical pain and in non-healthy behaviors may lead to a deterioration of the caregiver's long-term health, which in turn may increase the medical costs of the elderly. Potential policy alternatives are discussed in the paper.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find out how female immigrants are interested in beauty and how fashion affects their fashion management behavior. First, the correlation between interest in beauty and fashion behaviors showed that every factor has a positive relationship with each other. Self-interest, which is one of the two sub-factors of interest in beauty, showed a particularly strong correlation with interest in orientation towards fashion. Interest in appearance education, which is one of the two sub-factors of interest in fashion, showed a strong relationship with interest in orientation towards fashion, proving that the more one is interested in appearance-related education, the more she follows fashion trends. This suggests that caring for appearance and fashion trends have a strong relationship. Second, looking into the effect of interest in beauty and fashion on fashion behaviors, it turned out that only personal interest, out of the two sub-factors of interest in beauty, affected pursuit of fashion sense, out of the two sub-factors of fashion behaviors; interest in appearance education rather than interest in orientation towards fashion affected pursuit of fashion sense; interest in orientation towards fashion affected caring for one's appearance.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1249-1264
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• 2008

Guilt feelings are dysfunctional feelings that the primary caregiver of the frail elder are apt to have and those feelings increase a burden of caring, while there is lack of empirical study on the effect of guilt feelings on caring behaviors. In light of this, this study lays its purpose on examining the effect of the primary caregivers' guilt feelings on their burden of caring and request behaviors for help with caring, paying attention to their guilt feelings in our society where Confucian values toward supporting the elderly have remained. The questionnaire survey was conducted for 220 primary caregivers caring frail elders over 60 years of age by visiting. As a tool for measuring guilt feelings, a self-designed measure for caregivers was used (${\alpha}=.949$), and factors of guilt feelings were classified into four namely, the factors of lack of self-control, lack of resources, burnout, and the normative factor As a result, the following findings were derived. First, it was revealed that the guilt feelings of caregivers as family members have a positive correlation with a feeling of burden of caring and the feeling of burden have even effects on the four factors of guilt feelings. Second, when primary caregivers request help with caring, they feel guilty toward cohabiting family members and neighbors, and also they show no guilt feelings when using day-care services for the elderly. Especially, guilt feeling factors affecting primary caregivers were found to be the normative factor to cohabiting family members, the factor of lack of resources to neighbors, and the factor of burnout to using day-care services for the elderly. This result tells that the dysfunctional feelings of primary caregivers namely guilt feelings arising when asking help with caring not only increase their burden of caring but also can cause difficulties in sharing the role of the caregiver. Accordingly for the mental health of caregivers, we should develop programs with which we could understand and cope with their guilt feelings.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.778-790
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• 2013

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of the Fall Prevention Education Program (FPEP) on those providing direct care in elderly care facilities regarding fall-related knowledge, fall-related burden, and caring behaviors for fall prevention. The FPEP developed in the study was implemented for 80 minutes per session and four sessions in total. Participants included a total of 47 subjects, 24 in the experimental group and 23 in the control group. The program was implemented from July 16 through August 31, 2012. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$-tests, Fisher's exact probability tests, independent t-tests, and analyses of covariance using the SPSS/Win 19.0 program. According to the pre-and post-test, the experimental group participated in the program showed an increase in fall -related knowledge (t=6.71, p<.001), a decrease in fall-related burden (t=-2.31, p=.026), and an increase in caring behaviors for fall prevention (F=49.50, p<.001) as compared to the control group. The results of the study demonstrated that the FPEP developed for those providing direct care in elderly care facilities was an effective intervention for decreasing fall-related burden and increasing fall-related knowledge and caring behaviors for fall prevention.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.431-442
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• 2016

Purpose: This paper was conducted to validate the Korean version of the Peer Group Caring Interaction Scale (PGCIS-K) that measures caring behaviors as experienced by nursing students. Methods: Translation of the PGCIS-K was validated through forward-backward translation methods. Survey data were collected from 218 nursing students in a nursing school. Construct validity and criterion-related validity were evaluated. Internal consistency and the Guttman split-half coefficient were calculated to assess reliability. Results: The PGIS-K showed reliability except for 4 items (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.91$, Guttman split-half coefficient=.85), which were low (<.30) or negatively correlated with the total scale. A 12-item reduced form of the PGCIS-K was developed by item-analysis and construct validity evidence. Factor loading for the 12 items on 2 factors ranged from .47~.82, which explained 58.4% of the total variance. Two factors were named 'modeling and assistance (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.87$)' and 'communication and sharing (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.82$)'. Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion validity were supported according to the correlation coefficients of the 2 factors with other measure. Conclusion: The findings suggest preliminary evidence that the 12-item PGCIS-K can be used to measure nursing students' peer group caring interactions in Korea. Additional studies are recommended to continue the psychometric evaluation of this scale. Also, it can be extended to measure graduate nursing students or staff nurses' peer group caring interaction.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.494-504
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze Neonatal Intensive Care Unit nurses' behaviors while soothing newborns with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Methods: An observational study was used to assess nurses' soothing behaviors. Data were collected from September, 2012 to March, 2013 using an audio-video recording system. Participants were eight babies and 12 nurses caring for those babies. After obtaining parental permission, the overall process of each episode from nurses' engagement in soothing to the end of soothing was recorded. Then a researcher interviewed each participating nurse. Data from 18 episodes were transcribed as verbal and nonverbal nursing behaviors and then categorized by two researchers. Results: There were 177 observed soothing behaviors which were classified with the five sensory-based categories (tactile, oral, visual, auditory, vestibular). Most frequently observed soothing behavior was 'Gently talking' followed by 'Removing irritant', and 'Providing non-nutritive sucking'. Nurses' perceived soothing behaviors were similar to the observed soothing behaviors except for 'Gently talking'. Conclusion: Nurses used diverse and mixed soothing behaviors as well as recognizing those behaviors as essential nursing skills. Nurses' soothing behaviors identified in this study can be used to comfort babies and to enhance their developmental potential in accordance with individual characterstics or cues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.99-107
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the hair management behavior and satisfaction of hair care products of women. A self-administered questionnaire developed by researchers was used. The subjects were 500 women who were residing in Chonbuk province from Aug. to Sep. 2002. Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were calculated. And One-way ANOVA and t-test were done. The results were as follows : 1. Most women were satisfied with the condition, gloss, and thickness of their hair, but unsatisfied with their hair color. As they were getting older, their satisfaction were lowered about their hair condition and gloss. 2. Most women went to beauty shops once or twice a month to have their hair permanent waved or cut. and some for dyeing or dry Few women went to beauty shop for make-up and peticures. 3. Women did frequent hair management behaviors such as cleansing, style, and providing nutrition, but caring dandruff and preventing alopecia were relatively less. Older or married women did more frequent hair management behaviors such as caring dandruff, preventing alopecia, dyeing, styling, and providing nutrition. Women used cleansing products to manage their hair, and styling products and nutrients to provide their hair with nutrition. 4. Specially price and efficiency satisfaction of dandruff care products, alopecia preventing products, dyeing products were very low.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.553-561
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• 2003

Purpose: To develop a substantive theory that represents hospital nurses' experience on caring for dying patients. Method: Grounded theory method guided the data collection and analysis. A purposeful sample of 15 hospital nurses participated during the period of 2001-2002. The data were collected by semi-structured individual interviews. All interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Constant comparative analysis was employed to analyze the data. Result: 'Putting oneself into shape while being faithful to feelings and emotions' emerged as the basic social-psychological process. Three different phases were identified: being faithful to own feelings and behaviors; putting oneself into shape; and mourning death. The first phase includes the categories of 'establishing trust relationships' and 'sympathizing with dying patients and their family members.' The second phase consists of 'controlling feelings,' 'adjusting ethical conflicts,' and 'providing best patient-care,' and 'helping family accept the jeath.' And the third phase consists of 'overcoming sadness' and 'releasing other negative feelings.' Conclusion: The result of this study will help health professionals develop efficient support programs that support nurses caring for dying patients in hospitals. Further study needs to be done to verify findings.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.749-758
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a tool for measuring the intra-operative caring as perceived by regional anesthesia patients. Methods: A preliminary instrument with 54 questions, based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews with 11 regional anesthesia patients, was developed. A group of experts revised individual questions, and 34 questions were finally selected. This tool was tested with 137 regional anesthesia patients admitted to D university hospital in B city from August to October 2008. Results: The validity and reliability of the tool were tested using factor analysis. After item analysis, one question with a correlation coefficient under .30 was discarded After performing factor analysis on the final 33 questions, 7 factors were identified; holistic needs fulfillment, consideration, protective environment, cautiousness, concern, information, physical comfort. The total variance shown in the test was 73.5%. A Cronbach alpha of 0.96 showed the reliability of the instrument. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that the tool is statistically reliable and valid to measure the intra-operative caring perceived by regional anesthesia patients. This tool can be utilized usefully in assessing the effects of nursing interventions for regional anesthesia patients.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.215-219
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• 2014

C programming language has undefined behaviors, which cause unintended execution of a program. When a programmer adds sanity checks without caring about undefined behaviors, compilers may misunderstand and invalidate the sanity checks. Thus, we propose an automated system to detect invalidated sanity checks by marking sanity checks in source code and checking the marks in binary code.